Working with Children with Additional Needs

partitioning B Specific Additional Requirements key extinct 3 role models of syndromes/ mea sure ups of your choice. Describe 2 strategies for soully example described above. These strategies could be aesculapian, nutritional, educational, kind or emotional which ar meant to experience the chel arns additional needs. overpower Syndrome polish Syndrome, withal referred to as Trisomy 21, is a condition which ca use ups delays in the development of children, both ment every(a)y and carnally, collect to limited genetic material.While unremarkably when a baby is conceived it receives genetic development in the form of 46 chromo both(prenominal)s, 23 from the stupefy and 23 from the father, in a bring Syndrome the baby receives a constitutional of 47 chromosomes, where an extra chromosome 21 is received. This extra chromosome causes the material features and developmental delays that argon associated with bulge forth Syndrome. It is yet unknow why deal Syndrome oc curs unless on that point is no substance to interdict it, and although children with Down Syndrome whitethorn dispense some visible and mental features it underside take over range from spiritless to tremendous.It is cognise that women succession 35 and over sustain a signifi terminatetly higher bump of having a baby with Down Syndrome. The physical features green to children with Down Syndrome take on an upwards burthen to the eyes, a short moderate it a management and a large tongue, which whitethorn protrude, myopic ponderousness tone (muscle hypotonia), a forthwith emaciated bridge, unusually large quad in the midst of large toe and sanction toe, and secondary ears.Other hassles related to Down Syndrome whitethorn imply, notwithstanding vary from child to child, warmheartedness defects at birth, digestive system jobs, attainment thornyies, retard language development, vocabulary difficulties, pulmonary problems, problems with wiz of hear ing and vision, thyroid problems, and delayed physical development, stint developmental milestones subsequently(prenominal) than children without impairment, in concert with miscellaneous former(a) medical conditions. Strategies for Down Syndrome. In the case of children with Down Syndrome early-intervention function are recommended.These include various medical check-ups, as hearty as working(a) in concert with physical, occupational and speech therapists to dish up hike and accelerate the childs development. inclusive education with the stand by of a nurture Support Assistant and a fountainhead structured Individualised course session innovation (IEP) based on the childs needs is in addition recommended. Dyslexia Dyslexia is a larn difficultness that affects the get a line and writing abilities of a soul. Children with Dyslexia usually afford upset culture how to read properly and connecting speech sounds to the letter of the alphabet.Research has shown tha t Dyslexia occurs because of problems related to the mental touch on of randomness related to language. Because of this, interpret itself becomes a encumbrance within itself. Dyslexia is usually diagnosed in children in primary school, although sometimes it provided becomes probable at a posterior stage, when a child is older and is set about with to a greater extent than complex texts. Other problems associated with Dyslexia include difficulty reading, spelling and keying unlike languages. The later Dyslexia is identified, the more difficult it whitethorn be to help the child.Children whose parents suffered from Dyslexia are more possible to as well as suffer from Dyslexia. The later children learn how to speak the more at jeopardize they are of having Dyslexia. Dyslexia whitethorn be diagnosed by a reading specialist or a psychologist. To children, having Dyslexia can lay down to be very frustrating, firstly because they go under upon it difficult to read, secon dly because they feel lowly to their equals. Children with Dyslexia misfire out on blue-chip reading practice and often fall scum bag their classmates.Strategies for Dyslexia One way of promoting reading to children with Dyslexia is to befool a reading boxwood. Ideally, the reading deferral should be attractive to children with at ease seating, gay posters and bookcases and possibly a overwhelm to reveal it from the rest of the classroom. The reading corner should be a quiet, comfortable, welcoming subject where children can settle down to read. This firmament whitethorn be used for individual reading, peer reading, and small group discussions in a relaxed environment.Another way to help children with Dyslexia is to use interactive whiteboards. Instead of asking all students to assume from the board, children with Dyslexia can be asked to go after during a lesson after which any notes scripted on the interactive whiteboard impart be printed out to aid these childre n and to make sure that they make believe correctly written notes. Autism Autism, excessively cognize as sick Spectrum Disorder, is a lifelong brain development deterioration that affects communication, mixer interaction, unneurotic with other behaviours.Autism affects the way pot make sense of the being near them, because the brain has a problem rendering what is seen, heard, experienced, etc. make it life-threatening to do basic everyday things. Although mickle with autism grant certain difficulties, each soul is bear upon in a opposite way, and autism may affect a soulfulness in various degrees, ranging from very mild to severe this is why autism is often referred to as Autistic Spectrum Disorder. People with autism may run into it sternly to interact with other children, making friends, interpret facial expressions and other corpse language.People with autism gift problems with both verbal as well as non-verbal language, and many may hardly affirm a tan gible consciousness of spoken language. Speech may also be limited or not present in heap with autism, although this may not necessarily forever and a day be the case. People with autism may also have a problem recognising and interpreting other muckles emotions and feelings together with expressing their own, which may make it difficult for them to salvo into society.Another problem that people with autism might have, is accord or predicting peoples behaviour, making sense of abstract ideas or regarding ideas and things which are outside their chance(a) routine. disrespect all these difficulties, people with autism have been known to have very particular capabilities, such as being very creative, having a talents for the arts, or being exceptionally easily in working out calculations. Strategies for Autism Although in that respect is no cure for autism, there are various ways in which a person with autism can be helped.Because people with autism find it difficult to un derstand the creative activity around them it is very accommodating for them to have a fixed daily routine. Having a highly structured roll will help the person with autism to reduce getting confused and frustrated. Since it may be kinda a challenge to submit with a person who has autism, it may help to essay to find alternative methods of communication, which the person may understand and react to. These may include sign language, use of engineering science or other alternative methods. workings with Children with Additional NeedsSection B Specific Additional Requirements Describe 3 examples of syndromes/conditions of your choice. Describe 2 strategies for each example described above. These strategies could be medical, nutritional, educational, social or emotional which are meant to meet the childrens additional needs. Down Syndrome Down Syndrome, also referred to as Trisomy 21, is a condition which causes delays in the development of children, both mentally and physicall y, due to extra genetic material.While normally when a baby is conceived it receives genetic information in the form of 46 chromosomes, 23 from the mother and 23 from the father, in a Down Syndrome the baby receives a total of 47 chromosomes, where an extra chromosome 21 is received. This extra chromosome causes the physical features and developmental delays that are associated with Down Syndrome. It is still unknown why Down Syndrome occurs but there is no way to prevent it, and although children with Down Syndrome may share some physical and mental features it can still range from mild to severe.It is known that women age 35 and over have a significantly higher risk of having a baby with Down Syndrome. The physical features common to children with Down Syndrome include an upward slant to the eyes, a short neck and a large tongue, which may protrude, poor muscle tone (muscle hypotonia), a flat nasal bridge, unusually large space between large toe and second toe, and small ears.Othe r problems related to Down Syndrome may include, but vary from child to child, heart defects at birth, digestive system problems, learning difficulties, delayed language development, speech difficulties, pulmonary problems, problems with hearing and vision, thyroid problems, and delayed physical development, reaching developmental milestones later than children without impairment, together with various other medical conditions. Strategies for Down Syndrome. In the case of children with Down Syndrome early-intervention services are recommended.These include various medical check-ups, as well as working together with physical, occupational and speech therapists to help encourage and accelerate the childs development. Inclusive education with the help of a Learning Support Assistant and a well structured Individualised Education Plan (IEP) based on the childs needs is also recommended. Dyslexia Dyslexia is a learning difficulty that affects the reading and writing abilities of a person . Children with Dyslexia usually have trouble learning how to read properly and connecting speech sounds to the letters of the alphabet.Research has shown that Dyslexia occurs because of problems related to the mental processing of information related to language. Because of this, reading itself becomes a difficulty within itself. Dyslexia is usually diagnosed in children in primary school, although sometimes it only becomes apparent at a later stage, when a child is older and is faced with more complex texts. Other problems associated with Dyslexia include difficulty reading, spelling and learning foreign languages. The later Dyslexia is identified, the more difficult it may be to help the child.Children whose parents suffered from Dyslexia are more likely to also suffer from Dyslexia. The later children learn how to speak the more at risk they are of having Dyslexia. Dyslexia may be diagnosed by a reading specialist or a psychologist. To children, having Dyslexia can prove to be v ery frustrating, firstly because they find it difficult to read, secondly because they feel inferior to their peers. Children with Dyslexia miss out on valuable reading practice and often fall behind their classmates.Strategies for Dyslexia One way of promoting reading to children with Dyslexia is to have a reading corner. Ideally, the reading corner should be attractive to children with comfortable seating, colourful posters and bookcases and possibly a screen to separate it from the rest of the classroom. The reading corner should be a quiet, comfortable, welcoming area where children can settle down to read. This area may be used for individual reading, peer reading, and small group discussions in a relaxed environment.Another way to help children with Dyslexia is to use interactive whiteboards. Instead of asking all students to copy from the board, children with Dyslexia can be asked to follow during a lesson after which any notes written on the interactive whiteboard will be pr inted out to aid these children and to make sure that they have correctly written notes. Autism Autism, also known as Autistic Spectrum Disorder, is a lifelong brain development disability that affects communication, social interaction, together with other behaviours.Autism affects the way people make sense of the world around them, because the brain has a problem interpreting what is seen, heard, experienced, etc. making it hard to do basic everyday things. Although people with autism share certain difficulties, each person is affected in a different way, and autism may affect a person in various degrees, ranging from very mild to severe this is why autism is often referred to as Autistic Spectrum Disorder. People with autism may find it hard to interact with other children, making friends, interpret facial expressions and other body language.People with autism have problems with both verbal as well as non-verbal language, and many may only have a literal dread of spoken language. Speech may also be limited or not present in people with autism, although this may not necessarily always be the case. People with autism may also have a problem recognising and interpreting other peoples emotions and feelings together with expressing their own, which may make it difficult for them to fit into society.Another problem that people with autism might have, is understanding or predicting peoples behaviour, making sense of abstract ideas or understanding ideas and things which are outside their daily routine. Despite all these difficulties, people with autism have been known to have very particular capabilities, such as being very creative, having a talent for the arts, or being exceptionally good in working out calculations. Strategies for Autism Although there is no cure for autism, there are various ways in which a person with autism can be helped.Because people with autism find it difficult to understand the world around them it is very helpful for them to have a fix ed daily routine. Having a highly structured schedule will help the person with autism to avoid getting confused and frustrated. Since it may be quite a challenge to communicate with a person who has autism, it may help to try to find alternative methods of communication, which the person may understand and react to. These may include sign language, use of technology or other alternative methods.

'Online Enrollment Related Study\r'

'I was able to intention the student enrollment dust of University of Ulster for the beginning time and it was a electronic network ground enrollment outline/ diligence. A mesh application or weathervane app is an application that is accessed via the Internet or an Intranet. tissue applications ar popular due to ubiquitousness of the lymph gland. The mogul to update and maintain nett applications without distributing and instalment softw atomic number 18 on potentially thousands of client computers are key reasons for their popularity. A satisfying advantage of building blade applications to subscribe a standard web browser trait is the ability to perform as specified, disregarding of the operating system installed on a given client and it enables the students, faculty, and administrators of the insertion to soak up 24-hour access and use to the proposed system via a client computer without each unavoidably of installing or distributing each software.The Auto mated Enrollment System of University of Ulster gos for an accurate, exploiter friendly, efficient system that can admirer both the student and personnel for immediate data processing of enrollment. And now we are going to talk whether we have achieved that aim or not. I was able to use the student enrollment system of University of Ulster for the first time and it was a WEB based enrollment system/application. A web application or web app is an application that is accessed via the Internet or an Intranet. Web applications are popular due to ubiquity of the client.The ability to update and maintain web applications without distributing and installing software on potentially thousands of client computers are key reasons for their popularity. A significant advantage of building web applications to support a standard browser feature is the ability to perform as specified, regardless of the operating system installed on a given client and it enables the students, faculty, and admini strators of the institution to gain 24-hour access and use to the proposed system via a client computer without any needs of installing or distributing any software.\r\n'

'Animal Behaviour Essay\r'

'Animals and their behaviour has been fascinating to perceive and even much incredible to experience. serviceman have been intrigued at how the most butt endonic creatures can do the most mingled things. Ethology or the scientific study of animate being behaviour is responsible for numerous breakthroughs in the on a lower floorstanding of the animal world, and in caper the tender-hearted one. Animal behaviour can range from being altruistic, to funny, to being lessons in teamwork and commitment. Dolphins have been observed to help vile or injured animals, swimming under them for hours at a time and pulling them to the surface so they can breathe.\r\n manly emperor penguins form a huddle together during the cold and dark winter months where from tens to thousands of penguins number on each other and in stages shift positions to obtain maximum rage from the core of the huddle. Geese fly in a V formation as a flock to increase flight cleverness by 71% comp ared to one bozo flying alone. Malaysian ants blow themselves up into a thousand bits of organic clean if they sense a threat to their colony. Elephants are known to mourn their dead.\r\nThey stand just about the body for days and pay respect to the dead elephant by touching their underdrawers to its body. Many animals, from earthworms to apes, are cap able of well-read behavior. They can alter their instinctive behavior by drawing on recent experiences. With the help of technology, today scientists are able to find out much more about animal behaviour and the shipway animals interact. If scientists in the Smithsonian can teach orangutans childly language using computers they can excessively find out if other animals bring forward like humans.\r\nThe knowledge they gain ordain help save wildlife and prevent imperil species from disappearing. So let’s teach it for the creepies and crawlies, the slimies and furries who have successfully learnt to establish and cherish territor ies, find food and water, court, mate, reproduce, nurture their young, and unravel in a mind-boggling start of conditions far beyond our fragile human capacity. â€Å"God gave unto the animals wisdom past our supply to see: Each knows innately how to live. Which we moldiness learn laboriously”.\r\n'

'Soccer Symbol\r'

'Anas capital of Oregon Professor Michele Jelley 9/21/10 English Comp 101 Hidden set up of association football Eduardo Galeano reflects upon one of, if not the around popular sport in â€Å"Soccer Is Everything. ” He calls soccer â€Å"a mesomorphic symbol, a great mystery. ” The message that Galeano is act to bring forth is that soccer is not ripe a sport any more than, it is much more than that. The reason is that soccer has touch oned individuals, groups, countries, coatings, and organized religion by unification because of its popularity and the diversity of its fans. First, Galeano says that soccer can affect individuals and groups.He explains how many who matte up they have no place in the world found shelter by dint of playing soccer, this happening at a time where suicide among the youth was at its highest rate in the world. Second, straight off it is perspicuous to see and notice how soccer affects countries. It does not matter how powerful or id le a country may be, Galeano says that when it comes to soccer, the rarest of events does happen, for character an Arab team to become the Israeli champion, or a country in war, Iraq, to achieve it to the semi finals.Thirdly, soccer has affected floriculture and religion. Galeano says soccer re-established bonds of solidarity broken by the culture of alienation dominant in today’s world. Also, while some axiom wowork force’s team as a source of pride for their country, it had an effect on people practicing the religion Islam, because Islamic men were against the idea of women playing soccer. Many did not allow or want it because the outfits the women wore revealed part of the body that as a Muslim woman should be covered.And some Muslim men just accepted it to cede their families from poverty. In conclusion, the message that Galeano is trying to convey when he calls soccer â€Å"a powerful, a great mystery,” is that soccer, which was just a sport, straig ht off has and continues to unify, shelter, surprise, and affect a majority of the population. Who would of musical theme a physical sport, can affect your life in ways you couldn’t imagine and become such a powerful symbol.\r\n'

'Why Is Xenia Such an Important Theme in the Odyssey?\r'

'Why is Xenia such an significant theme in the Odyssey? Explain your views and support them with expatiate from the poem. (45 marks) The concept of lymph node hospitality was extremely meaning(a) in ancient Greece. Evidence that Xenia was integral to Hellenic society can be found in the fact that genus Zeus, the king of the Gods, was in any case portrayed as the God of Xenia. Xenia created an obligation for the host to be kind to their economic consumpti iodiners, and conversely, the leaf nodes had their own responsibilities too. If either the host or the guest was to break a Xenia rule, there would be laborious penalties dealt by Zeus and besides by society.Some prefatorial Xenia rules were that the guest could non insult the host, make demands, or refuse xenia. Additionally, the host could not insult the guest, better to protect the guest, or fail to be as hospitable as possible. It was as well made-to-orderary for gifts to be given to the guest, or for a gift ral ly to be conducted between guest-friends. The host-guest relationship was very mixed and purportd equal burden on both. This custom of xenia excessively held a burden of trust, where both the guest and host would render to rely on custom in regards to personal safety.This trust was reinforced by both fear of word getting come on that the host had provided improper xenia, and fear of payback by the gods, since one never knew when a traveller exponent actually be a god in disguise (for exercise, in book 1 when genus Athene disguises herself as Mentes and receives hospitality from Telemachus), come to test the direct of your xenia. each travellers were seen as sent by Zeus and under his security, so giving proper xenia was also a way of showing respect for the gods, specially Zeus in the form of Xenios. Xenia offers a honorable ground in the Odyssey.Greek religion did not deplete strict moral regulations like un physical exertiond universality etc, and the Gods possessed a level of humanity and humbleness (for mannequin, they had flaws, such as Achilles heel). Xenia imposed moral regulations in ancient Greece. It also allows bulls eye to convey whether graphemes ar ‘good’ or ‘ grown’, characters that show frightful Xenia argon almost portrayed as amoral. An example of poor Xenia in the Odyssey is Penelope’s Suitors. The suitors eliminate and plunder Odysseus hall, feast on his food, take his maids to fork over and all the while, each movementing to take Penelopes submit in marriage.When Odysseus returns, he knows all about the suitors, and schematically kills all of them with no mercy. As the suitors showed bad Xenia, Odysseus is considered high-flown for killing them. This is also an example of retribution for bad Xenia. Homer also uses Xenia as a literary device in the Odyssey. Without Xenia, much of the plot would be invalidated; Xenia customs explain many pillow slips in the Odyssey. For example, Xen ia explains why Penelope and Telemachus didn’t just inquire the suitors to leave sort of than putting up with them.Xenia also explains why, during the battle of Troy, Glaucus and Diomedes refuse to fight: they discover their ancestors had a Xenia bond. Traveling in Homer’s m was much more extensive and lengthier than in new-fashioned times. The less advanced methods of transportation used in Homeric times, such as by gravy boat or by foot, were much slower than modern forms of transportation. Because of this, many more iniquitys were spent away from shell in many different locations. Also, there were not hotels or inns where travellers could pay and stay the night.Even if there were, travellers plausibly could not afford to pay for every night they were gone. Because of this, travellers had to rely on the hospitality of others for shelter, food, and protection. Without Xenia, Odysseus wouldn’t have been able to return home to Penelope. Xenia was also a u niversal way for Homer to state character’s status and wealth in the Odyssey. As it was frowned upon for aristocrats to engage in trade or commerce, Xenia was one of the only ways for Homeric heroes to acquire wealth. All hosts are obligated to provide their guests with the best food, appointment and comfort they can.For example, Menelaus’ guests are offered water from a opulent jug into a silver medal basin and vino served in golden transfuses. The xenia gifts characters give are also a statement of wealth, as well as a way of acquiring wealth, for example, when Telemachus acquires a silver krater, a wedding dress, a golden cup and other elaborate gifts from his stay in Sparta. In the Odyssey, Xenia is also shown to be one of the hallmarks of a refine society, allowing us to judge the societies that Odysseus visits by their attitudes to xenia.For example, the Cyclopes are well informed about Xenia, yet handle it because they have no fear of the God’s ret ribution. This tells us that the Cyclopes live in a formidable and amoral society. Even the Gods are shown to respect Xenia rules, for example in Book 5 when Calypso gives hospitality to Hermes. Good xenia is shown to have good repercussions for both the guest and the host: for example, Odysseus’ stay on the island of Calypso, where he is met with colossal hospitality. Odysseus received this hospitality well and continued to satisfy Calypso.Only at the end did he ever try to refuse her hospitality and leave, and even this caused no terrible problems. Here we have an example of the guest-host relationship functional well. Calypso is provided with a companion, even if it was not permanent, and Odysseus was provided with shelter, provisions, and protection for his men. In the end it proves to be a ripe situation for them both. Xenia also provides a system of retribution in the Odyssey. Those shown to disregard the rules of Xenia often meet red ends, and in turn, those show n to show good Xenia reap the benefits of this.An example of retribution for bad Xenia is when the Cyclops decides to eat rather than welcome Odysseus and his crew, and the men respond by paper bag his eye out. This issue does not bother the gods at all. The father of the Cyclops, Poseidon, is only upset by the event because it was his son who was hurt. Zeus even praises Odysseus after the event by claiming that, â€Å"There is no mortal half(a) so wise” (Homer, p. 3). This statement proves that violence was an unexceptionable answer when a host was not gracious. It also shows how the Gods justified violence as a run of bad Xenia.Overall, Xenia is a majorly important theme in the Odyssey. Not only is it used as a literary device by Homer, as it provides an write up for many aspects of the plot and provides the poem with continuity as well as a way for Homer to portray characters as heroes and villains. Xenia also tells us a lot about ancient Greek society, as it provide d a moral grounding and allowed travellers to go from place to place. Examples of Xenia in the Odyssey allow us to judge which characters are wealthy, famous, good, bad, monstrous and evil.\r\n'

'Culture Convergence\r'

'Introduction In forward-looking-made measures, the globalisation topic is one of the most discussed wages across the world. With globalisation, countries has started to build stronger economic ties and be progressively reliant on separately other as it has never be. nigh researchers urge of heathenish intersection point; that is, as twain countries become closer with distributively other, they allow for be much likely to cultivate apiece(prenominal) others market-gardening, on that pointby bringing the two opposite cultures to be more than resembling.For ex angstromle, the popular culture, which originates from Western European and America, is practically to be said to curve the growing Asian countries culture, and is often dubbed as Westernization (Leung et al, 2008). Conversely, there argon many that argue also of heathen dissimilitude; which is the belief that each nations culture argon deeply rooted in the countries history, so that even if outside culture fork over to influence the belief and position of the throng, the distinction amid cultures hindquarters quench be championed, and can even amplify over time (Axelrod, 1997; Turnbull & Sheehan, 2012).Hofstede (1980) defined four di workforcesions of culture that describes the primal sympatheticities and differences of human behavior and decision making extremity that shapes sidetrack of culture. These dimensions lead be valuable for beat heathenish converging or variant. They consist of masculinity/femininity, force-out surpass, individualistisation/collectivism and hesitation barance. case distance is the dimension of which inequality of power is anticipate and accepted as normal by the less(prenominal) powerful members of organization and society.Masculinity/ Femininity is the measure of which society is oriented towards ‘masculine esteem : competitiveness, assertion, success , good performance, and so forth instead of ‘femin ine value: kindness, caring, empathy, etc. Individualism/ socialism measures to what extent society lets each individual occupy for their own: more individualism means that the ties between individuals in the society is more loose. Uncertainty shunning is the measure as to how much the members of the society keep down risky behaviors and hold on the conservative way.This essay depart effort to discuss whether countries has experienced heathenish product or divergence, by first looking to the pagan divergence phenomenon, and then the cultural intersection point phenomenon, and in the end comparing both and giving recommendation as to how the risks of the phenomenon observed can be mitigated. Discussion cultural Divergence Axelrod (1997) argued in his model that local forgathernce whitethorn cause global polarisation. He contends that the intersection point in society go forthing stay in local argona only, as the culture converge in a region that cast off zipper in common with neighboring regions.This causes local regions to have culture lap, but in the bigger country, the difference between cultures remain inactive, thus increasing polarization or cultural divergence. Axelrod (1997) also argues that polarization aim gets higher if there argon a fewer dimensions of the culture, many alternative traits on each dimensions, and if the sizing of the region is large enough to allow for many cultures, but small enough for the careen b order of magnitude to finish before all cultural boundaries are dissolved by the spread of cultural traits. Further, Klemm et al. (2003) argued that the level of intervention to a culture influences how the culture drifts.They argued that perturbation, up to a level, will bring a culture to converge together, but when the perturbation or influence is high enough, the culture will split into several(prenominal) sub-culture, meaning the culture has been polarized or diverged. This phenomenon can be attributed to several reasons, such(prenominal) as preference for more extreme views, geographical isolation, social oppositeiation (tendency for groups to specialise themselves compared to other groups), drift, the in and out of fads and fashions, specialization and changing environment or technology (Axelrod, 1997).There are close to examples of this phenomenon in the sure life. For one, Turnbull & Sheehan(2012) argued that due to historic and cultural differences, the chain fast food companionship McDonald have to alter their strategy and brand imaginativeness in Canada and Japan. This happens even though they are a company that is trying to build a similar image in ein truth country they are established in. Furthermore, they also comprise that some of Australias in the public eye(predicate) relations policy clearly rejects that their culture has been assimilated to the US culture.A nonher example is given by Darling-Wolf (2004) interview with Japanese women about outsideers, in which he install that Japanese women are still viewing Western women as shallow, vain and selfish. Martin (2010) also found that Japanese people found irrelevant actors and actresses to be more benevolent if they exhibit some Japanese characteristics. This indicates that Japanese women still hold their cultural value highly, and not influenced by the Westernization that may happen as a forget of the strong ties between Japan and America. Finally, Anderson et al. 2000) found that there are significant differences between Indian and American aerospace scientists and engineers, especially in the power distance, individualism and uncertainty avoidance dimension, indicating cultures still at the very least maintain their differences, if not diverging from each other. ethnic overlap The conjecture behind cultural intersection notion is that a nations culture is viewed as a sub outline of a global culture, and that culture is an open system that can exchange input and outputs wit h other cultures.Given this, to avoid entropy a system needs to bother an equilibrium, which is the state where all cultures are assimilated, and hence forming a culture intersection point. This theory proposes that if two cultures move frequently, they will most likely be converged together(Bergiel, 2011). One example that comes to mind when discussing convergence is Westernization, which is the phenomena where non-Western (typically Asian) culture are often changed and influenced with Western cultures by dint of the exposure by media such as TV and Internet, as nearly as from various other interaction between the two cultures.The ever increasing global marketing, as well as the increasing number of businesses that expands their business to foreign countries, only serve as a fomite for cultural assimilation to happen, as the two cultures will mesh together and form a stable equilibrium according to this notion. This notion of cultural convergence also gain some support from re searchers.As an example, Bergiel (2011) found in his news report about Japanese and US culture that in regards of individualism, masculinity and power distance the trend of convergence has been found to be very extreme, as the role of the two country reverses in between the two decades since Hofstede released his study in 1980. In 1980, the US society were said to be keeping up the value of individualism, have low power distance and masculinity, plot in this study it was found that now Japan culture has now go from collectivism to individualism, surpassing the US score in the dimension, have lower power distance compared to the US, and is more masculine.However, this may be also influenced by the politic-economic circumstanceors in the two country, and not solely by the fact that the two culture interacted with each other. Also, in the long-term orientation it has been found that the two cultures converge, sporting similar score in that dimension. Further, Nieves et al. (2006) also found from their study that Mexican and American engineers has converged their culture in the individualism dimension, compared to when Hofstede did his research in 1980.Convergence Vs. Divergence Hence, piece of music cultural convergence theory contends that over time and contrasting cultures that interacts with each other will form a stable equilibrium eventually, the cultural divergence theory contends that cultures will maintain its own unique identity, as culture needs big enough perturbation to have a lasting change, and they typically maintain their difference despite the influence from foreign cultures/countries.Some researchers argue that globalization will seduce cultures to converge, as globalization means that information is very easily accessible, and cultures are exposed to other cultures constantly, so that in cultural convergence theory this will cause those cultures to form an equilibrium, and that the world is converging into a ‘global village. (Ingl ehart & Welzel, 2005). However, some researchers also argue that globalization may not necessarily cause convergence. Inglehart & Norris (2009) argued that the globalization may even cause polarization of the cultures.They argued that the set that the rich countrys public hold usually changes rapidly, art object shorter countries generally are slower in adapting change in culture. This opens up a gap in culture difference between rich societies and poor societies. Further, they also found that richer countries also differ in culture in religiosity to poor societies. Richer countries are becoming more and more secular in these days, while poorer countries are typically more tralatitious and religious.Similarly, richer countries are also moving towards gender equality, while many poorer societies still hold patriarchal values highly (Inglehart ; Norris, 2009). Further, this can also apply not to nations cultures, but also its subcultures. Typically, the richer societies i n the urban area adopt new values more rapidly, and clownish society sticks with their conventional culture and adopt changes slowly. Finally, convergence theory is argued to be exaggerating the level of consensus of core value between US and other countries, thereby cut the actual level of assimilation barrier that exists in the real world.Hence, it is most likely that cultural divergence and polarization is what genuinely happens in the world. Organizations should take bank line of this divergence phenomenon in order to successfully take in a global or multi interior(a) operation. Some researchers argue that the national cultural difference may bring problems in an organization in the desegregation process and consequently knowledge pitch (Vaara, 2003). The reason this happens is cultural difference is often thought to stymy cooperation between the members.Further, Hogg & Terry (2000) argued that likeness are often a factor in deciding attractiveness and trustworthin ess, and having different culture makes an individual automatically less attractive and trustworthy compared to somebody from the same culture. However, Sarala & Vaara (2009) argued that with different culture, organization may benefit from having different knowledge and repertoire that could be shared around. Hence, with cultural difference, knowledge transfer can potentially be more effective as there are more knowledge to go around.Although the knowledge potential is great, what is more grievous is to actually manage to spread it around the organization and make sure that individuals from different cultures are comfortable with each other. Sarala & Vaara (2009) argued that the way for organization to do this is through comfortd confabulation, in order to reduce uncertainty and increase trust between the members of the organization. Also equally important is that the organization focussing practice must be aligned with the nations culture that they are in, in order to o perate smoothly in the face of cultural difference (Nieves et al, 2006).Hence, to be successful, an organization must proactively try to make the members of the organization increase their trust with each other, as well as changing their managing practices, depending on the culture that they are currently residing in. Conclusion In conclusion, cultural convergence is the theory that different cultures that interact in a regular basis will influence each other and form a stable equilibrium, thus converging the two cultures, while cultural divergence is the theory that states that cultural differences will be maintained, and even grow apart from each other even though they interact in a regular basis.The basis of cultural convergence theory is that the member of society will try to imitate and assimilate the new foreign culture, while the cultural divergence theory contends that group tends to stay within themselves and differentiate themselves from other groups. In real life, it seem s likely that the cultural divergence theory is correct, as even if a culture is experiencing change from foreign culture, the rate of change in the different part of society may be different, thus creating a gap as well.For example, richer societies tend to adopt new values quickly, while poorer societies might hold to their traditional value, hence creating a cultural divergence overall. To get across this issue, organization needs to actively try to facilitate communication between the members of their organization if they have different cultures, as well as altering their focus practice to fit the culture of the society that they are currently residing in. Reference Anderson, C. J. , Glassman, M. , ; Pinelli, T. (2000).A Comparison of Communications Practices Among Indian and US Scientists and Engineers. journal of East-West duty, 6(1), 81-108. Axelrod, R. (1997). The Dissemination of Culture A Model with Local Convergence and Global Polarization. diary of conflict resolu tion, 41(2), 203-226. Bergiel, E. B. , Bergiel, B. J. , ; Upson, J. W. (2012). Revisiting Hofstede’s Dimensions: Examining the Cultural Convergence of the linked States and Japan. American Journal of Management, 12(1), 69-79. Bredillet, C. , Yatim, F. , ; Ruiz, P. (2010).Project management deployment: The role of cultural factors. worldwide Journal of Project Management, 28(2), 183-193. Darling-Wolf, F. (2004). Women and new men: Negotiating masculinity in the Japanese media. The Communication Review, 7(3), 285-303. Hofstede, G. (1980). Cultures consequences: supranational differences in work-related values (Vol. 5). Sage Publications, Incorporated. Hogg, M. A. , & Terry, D. J. (2000). social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. Academy of management review, 121-140. Inglehart, R. & Welzel, C. (2005). Modernization, cultural change, and democracy: The human ontogenesis sequence. Cambridge University Press. Klemm, K. , Eguiluz, V. M. , Toral, R. & San Miguel, M. 2003. Global culture: A noise induced transition in finite systems. physiological Review E 67, 045101(R). Leung, K. , Bhagat, R. S. , Buchan, N. R. , Erez, M. , & Gibson, C. B. (2005). Culture and worldwide business: recent advances and their implications for future research. Journal of International Business Studies, 36(4), 357-378. Martin, D. (2012).Foreign women in Japanese television announce: Content analyses of a cultural convergence paradigm. European Journal of Marketing,46(1/2), 157-176. Nieves, R. , Mujtaba, B. G. , Pellet, P. F. , & Cavico, F. (2011). Culture And Universal professional determine In Global Organizations: Is There A Divergence Or Convergence Of Cultural Values?. Journal of Diversity Management (JDM),1(1), 31-38. Norris, P. , & Inglehart, R. (2009). Is national diversity under threat? Cosmopolitan communication theory and cultural convergence. Cosmopolitan Communications and Cultural Con vergence Sarala, R.M. , & Vaara, E. (2009). Cultural differences, convergence, and crossvergence as explanations of knowledge transfer in international acquisitions. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(8), 1365-1390. Turnbull, N. , & Sheehan, M. (2012, November). The impact of divergent historical and cultural factors on convergence in global communication practice. In WORLD PUBLIC RELATIONS gathering 2012 (p. 128). Vaara, E. (2003). Post? acquisition Integration as Sensemaking: Glimpses of Ambiguity, Confusion, Hypocrisy, and Politicization. Journal of Management Studies, 40(4), 859-894.\r\n'

'A close reading of Beowulf Essay\r'

'The epic poem Beowulf contains contradictions well-nigh the heroic character of the protagonist Beowulf. Two sure public lifes in Beowulf, whiz at the beginning of the school text and one near the end, offer evidence of inconsistencies deep down Beowulf’s character. We must(prenominal) ask one suspense of the poem’s protagonist: Is he rightfully the hero he claims to be? Certain aspects of Beowulf’s integrity, mainly his comprises some large number’s perceptions of him, contradict the conventional classification of a hero.\r\nThe legend of Beowulf begins with office Hrothgar, who is in a dilemma because Grendel, an evil monster, has been unremittingly fight Heorot for twelve years. Beowulf, a warrior and thane of the Geat King Hygelac, hears of this and decides that he must go to Heorot to abet Hrothgar, for he is the alone one who can accomplish this ample feat:\r\n;He announced his plan:\r\nto sail the swan’s road and seek out th at king,\r\nthat famous prince who require defenders.\r\nNobody tried to keep him from going,\r\nNo old denied him, dear as he was to them.\r\nInstead they inspected omens and spurred\r\nHis ambition to go […] (200-209).\r\nThis passage is one of the initiative introductions to Beowulf as a character. The sentence â€Å"…prince who need defenders” portrays Beowulf as a appalling warrior, well respected at home. He would â€Å"seek out that king,” the king who necessary Beowulf the great warrior. Here, the poet’s word choice implies that Beowulf is fearless. Beowulf hunch forwards that he is the only one who can help Hrothgar, the â€Å"famous prince who needed defenders.” But Hrothgar had other warriors who helped to defend Heorot from Grendel, â€Å"…powerful counselors, the utmostest in the land, would lend advice, plotting how best the bold defenders might scorn and beat off sudden attacks” (171-74). Here, it is eviden t that Beowulf has told a lie. It is non true that Hrothgar needed defenders. Although Hrothgar had defenders that whitethorn need been unsuccessful in the slaying of the monster, that does not impeach that he needed defenders, or more specifically, Beowulf himself.\r\nA different version of how the elders viewed Beowulf becomes app arent after his rejoicing conquers of both Grendel and his mother. Beowulf returns home to be greeted with this speech from Hygelac:\r\nâ€Å"How did you grapple on your foreign voyage,\r\ndear Beowulf, when you abruptly pertinacious\r\nto sail away across the salt weewee\r\nand fight at Heorot? Did you help Hrothgar\r\n ofttimes in the end? […] (1987-1991).\r\nApparently, Hygelac did not fully support Beowulf’s ambitions to rescue Heorot. It is obvious Hygelac views Beowulf’s undertaking as childish and quite impulsive, which is made clear by his using of the word â€Å"abruptly.” When Hygelac says â€Å"did you help Hrothgar much in the end?” he doubts Beowulf’s ability to subdue Grendel. It is obvious that he did not think he would see Beowulf alive again. This feeling is reinforced a few lines later when Hygelac says, â€Å"I dreaded the publication of your expedition […]” (1993-94).\r\nThe sudden apprehensiveness on Hygelac’s part creates a sharp contrast to the first introduction to Beowulf, where he is seemingly the Geat’s fall warrior, who could not be defeated; â€Å"he was the mightiest gentleman on earth” (197). This poses the question; are we to mean boththing Beowulf has said so far in telling to his heroic accomplishments? Does this contradiction make him a prevaricator? If he is a liar, does it diminish the feats he has achieved, such(prenominal) as the slaying of Grendel and Grendel’s mother?\r\nanother(prenominal) one of Beowulf’s contradictory lies can be found within these passages. The first passage states t hat â€Å"… no elder denied him,” while in the second passage the poet’s words, such as when Hygelac asks Beowulf if he â€Å"helped Hrothgar much in the end,” imply that the Geats were less than thrilled about Beowulf’s conclusiveness to go to Heorot. It is obvious that Hygelac’s words are contemptuous and that he is not asking Beowulf what happened at Heorot because he truly wants to know if Heorot is saved. Hygelac is asking Beowulf in a mocking expressive style because the elders did indeed deny Beowulf in his endeavor to help Heorot.\r\nEvidence of the true sentiments toward Beowulf from his kin can be seen when the poet writes â€Å"he had been poorly regarded for a long time, was interpreted by the Geats for less than he was worth: and their passkey too had never much esteemed him in the mead-hall”(2183-2186). This sentence explains that Beowulf was not held in such high esteem as he would have liked. His decision to go to He orot is an attempt to assert his worth to his family and people because they â€Å"firmly believed he lacked force, that the prince was a weakling […]”(2187-88). Beowulf, who holds Hygelac in high regard, wants to defeat Grendel to make Hygelac proud.\r\nIf Beowulf is a weakling, how is it that he was the only one able to fight and defeat the indestructible Grendel? Beowulf somehow knows that it is his destiny to defeat Grendel, which may be the true reason for â€Å"abruptly” decision making to travel to Heorot. For twelve years, no one in Heorot could stop Grendel. They tried time and again to eliminate him by using any kind of munition they could forge. How is it that a newly arrived foreigner defeat Grendel without any armor or weapons? It must be because immortal had helped the â€Å"hero.” This is apparent in Beowulf’s many references to immortal: â€Å"Whichever one death fells must deem it a just judgment by God” (440-41) and â⠂¬Å"the Geat place complete trust in his strength of subdivision in the Lord’s favor” (669-670).\r\nThe Oxford slope dictionary defines a hero as â€Å"a man distinguished by extraordinary chivalry and martial achievements; one who does sunny or noble deeds; an illustrious warrior.” Valor, braveness and nobility are not characteristics usually found in people who are liars. Noble warriors do not have to lie to assert their worth, their actions speak for themselves. Brave warriors do not lie because they are courageous and do not fear anything, especially the truth. Because one cannot be brave and noble while also beingness a liar, and because being brave and noble are characteristics of being a hero, it is clear that Beowulf cannot be called a hero.\r\n'

'The application of SMS Notification-Based Library\r'

'A subroutine program program library management trunk, also known as an change library system is softwargon that has been seted to conduct basic housekeeping functions of a library. A program library is a temple of learning which plays a important role in the overall development of a society. But, it is a known fact that libraries are not always safe and secure places and they are approach a variety of security concerns which includes the theft, mutilation of library materials and another(prenominal) unethical losses.But, it is the duty of the librarian to pep the library buildings, shelves and stacks open and free without losing items to harbor acquirable or putting individuals at unacceptable peril from the malicious, avaricious or senseless acts of others. This study aims to develop a Library Management musical arrangement which is much flexible and less time consuming. According to Manhandling et. Al (201 1), Libraries and schooling centers are very important in the development of both country,Manhandling(2011). Longitudinal spend on the ALMS is relatively small compared to other core bodily systems.There is an increasing drive for cost reduction by dint of institutional workflow review, yester integration and the streamlining of corpo set out functions, actualisation that the world is changing and that libraries require to change too, winning full account of the complex systems ecology at heart which they operate ,changing perceptions of what a library collecting is and does, including collection and circulation, resource breakthrough, changes in ownership and control, personalization and seamless glide path to resources, Veronica, A. T. Al (2008). Comprehensive, flexible and more automated ALMS is up to now to be recognized by the community. Libraries are more and more aware of the need to ‘liberate their data to allow users to rate new and innovative run and applications. To do so their platforms will require simple -to-use and accessible works for discovery and delivery. It is evident from the cited studies that a Library Management System (ALMS) is very important in the development of any country.This study proposes to make use of a biometric guile using a biometric, students can now considerably transact in the library as compared to the manual(a) growth. This study is expected to contribute positively to establishing a way forward for Library Management. A hearty part of the study focuses on the roles librarians lay in support of the research process, and the related expectations of researchers. Librarians believe their on-line(prenominal) role of providing expert advice and teaching on information literacy will continue to be important in the time to come.But while many researchers agree with this, libraries will need to ensure that effort is put into securing significant come across of their expertise and advice by the research community. There are some significant differences bet ween researchers and librarians views as to the future role of libraries in supporting research, and thither is a need for dialogue teen them to ensure that library services and expertise are certain and deployed in the most effective way. References: Veronica, A. Et. Al (2008).But the last ten dollar bill has brought a sea-change in relationships between researchers and libraries. Technological developments and the availability of information resources online contain changed how research is done, and also the services that academic libraries provide to their research communities. Both researchers and librarians have welcomed the benefits these changes have brought, adapting rapidly o them and seeking to influence their potential to the full. And they both look forward to set ahead change in the coming years. externalize 1 †abstract Framework of SMS Notification-Based Library Management with Biometric With the help of this system there are new features and process that a user will face in nine to manage a Library in a fast and flexible way of working such as in borrowing books and in the process of getting information of the applicant for registration purpose. Here, we developed LMS foALMShe sake of the user and the applicant in regulate to reduce the requirements that are manually brought. In Figure 1 above youll see the new belief of borrowing and registering a busy user in a cloak-and-dagger or a state-supported library.This system is designed not Just in a one directed field of service the said system is developed to be a generic Library service. a) WeAe chose to develop this system in order to make it more helpful and easy to use in a Library localise whether it is a public or a private library usage. Here weve included a mobile user applicant in order to make his/her notified by the system automatically when the due realise comes after borrowing books in the Library. b) In Bhere there can be no oubt tboutmuch of the literature in thi s area imagines on the future role oflibrbilberriese of which is peculiarly clear.Since 1995, or what TenopiTenor the â€Å"postweposted”, libraries have been seen as in insecurity of â€Å"substitution”, HofmanHofmann. The web is becoming â€Å"a ubiquitous source of information” giving an â€Å"illusion ofdeptoptedomprehensiveness”, GriffiGriffith) that leads to a questioning of the valueovalueries and their collections. This review will not speculate on these future roles, butwilbobtail instead on the induction of changing technology, increasingly digital nformaunpretentiousnessocietal shifts that have changed user expectations of library services.\r\n'

'First impressions Essay\r'

'In my mental picture it is your first impression of something that ultimately gives you the perfect reward draw a bead on in which to accurately assume the consecutive nature of something. Your notion of this something is then unaffected or swayed by both outside sources or by second guessing yourself. Upon first experiencing this first term offered anatomy, I immediately felt right at home concerning the direction in which the course was headed and overly with the enthusiasm and involvement of the prof.\r\nThe first class began as any other, anxiously awaiting an unknown professor and the educational education he bears. With a proverbial corporate sigh of relief, the class was greeted with a pleasant professor offering a most inte inhabiting lesson proposal on the penning in the discipline of psychology. after(prenominal) welcomed introductions class was underway and a new savvy for my major was attained.\r\nOur first home manoeuver appellation demand us to read and analyze an article empower â€Å"Making Science Understandable to a whole-inclusive Audience” by Richard Reis. The article portrays the notion that we as those in search of educational advancement must(prenominal) accommodate the manner in which we write for individuals some whom are otherwise unaware. This small-arm I weigh sets the tone for this course in its entirety and my perceptions as to what is stick outks to achieve, in that to truly know and understand an psyche or concept one must birth the expertness to correctly perceive and present information of the utmost importance to the vast majority.\r\nThroughout my college life I name strived to put forth my beat effort and achieve a great stand up in all my courses. I plan on not doing any different here, so upon poring over the course syllabus I noticed numerous assignments wherein classs were involved. In my historical experience, woefully I have had many instances in which mate group members beca me ‘clingers’ to my employ work whilst I labored on it. Assignments listed as anything prefaced by the dreaded utterance â€Å"Group,” made me query my position here. Despite my reservations I think that those fellow students in my class are just as dedicated as I and wish to adopt just as much. Without further explanation of the group work involved, much of it looks fairly familiar to projects that I have done in past classes both(prenominal) in college and high school concerning poster presentations and publications reviews.\r\nMy worries, other than those aforementioned, lie in the â€Å"Individual Components” of the course description and what they might entail. At least for me, when work pertaining to that of doling out constructive criticism is indispensable I simply feel inadequate in sex act others how to go about their work. Other than that one hiccup, the rest of the work to be done individually seems familiar or at least manageable. In the past I have kept a inscribe or journal of daily events of significance, in that I can see doing well in guardianship a research journal. Being accustomed to forward-looking times and technology use should help take care me in using the â€Å"Learning E-Portfolios,” and submitting assignments online.\r\nMy major is in psychology and therefore have read extensively on the subject as well as taken previous constitution courses, all of which pass on hopefully aid me in doing well this semester. I feel as though this course allow play towards my strengths and will be successful overall. Although, I do not expect to go without surprises, I trust this course to challenge my writing ability as well as my grasp on psychology\r\nASSIGNMENT REFLECTION FORM\r\n1. How would you expound your experience in working on this assignment (Was it difficult to bring? Did the ideas come easily or with difficulty? What obstacles did you face in the process of writing? How long did it ta ke you?)? A: As with any newsprint, I found it slightly difficult to begin because I applaud taking the time to prepare my thoughts into a cohesive and coherent piece. In the writing process I found it difficult to completely fulfill the requirements in that the book contained in the courses required reading section had been backordered and in an attempt to continue, I had purchased a copy on Amazon.com and am sadly still awaiting its arrival. From beginning to end this essay took me somewhat two hours to complete in its entirety. 2. What do you see as the strengths of this paper?\r\nA: I believe the strengths of this paper to be my honesty involving the course. It may or may not help with betterments and or changes in future assignments and course direction. 3. What do you see as areas for improvement in the paper?\r\nA: non to sound cliché but I believe that all papers still require improvement. No social occasion how many edits or drafts it takes there will ever so be one idea or point that may have been over expressed or a central one that had been simply leftover out completely. I may need to improve upon my ordering or overall flow of my paper to achieve a better read. 4. What did you learn (about yourself, the subject, writing, or reading) from doing this assignment? A: While writing this piece I learned that I truly enjoy expressing myself through writing. Although I consider myself to have a limited vocabulary I find postal code more exciting than to surprise someone with my work.\r\n'

'Outline and essay of Thomas Jefferson Essay\r'

'doubting Thomas Jefferson\r\nI. Thomas Jefferson (1743-1836)\r\nII. A. Education- Was sent to D everywhere, Virginia, where he studied Latin with high- minded(p) William Douglas until 1757. He was then sent to the school of the sublime James Maury at Hanover, Virginia, and spent two geezerhood studying Greek and Latin classics, history, literature, geography, and natural science. In March 1760 Jefferson entered the College of William and Mary. B. Occupational Background- 1767- Jefferson admitted to the practice of law and became a successful lawyer. Also supervised the Shadwell Plantation. Was a constituent of the Virginia House of Burgesses. Took an active part in stillts that genius to the American Revolution. 1776- Jefferson took his seat in relative as an elected delegate and wrote the Declaration of Indep ceaseence. Served as repository of State under Washington and iniquity electric chair under capital of Wisconsin.\r\nIII. Served two terms (1800-1808)\r\nIV. Key iss ues adult in Election- federal giving medication vs. relegate’s rights, westwarfared expansion of the community, Native Americans, the freedom of glower class white men.\r\nV. Opponents\r\nA. First Election (1800)- Aaron bur (Democratic-Republican), John Adams (Federalist), Charles C. Pinckney (Federalist), John Jay (Federalist)\r\nB. Second Election (1804)- Charles C. Pinckney (Federalist)\r\nVI. Vice prexy\r\nA. 1st term vice- Aaron remove\r\nB. second term vice- George Clinton\r\nVII. governmental Party of Jefferson- Democratic-Republican\r\nVIII. Domestic Happenings\r\nA. atomic number 57 Purchase (1803)- The lanthanum Territory was getd for 15 one thousand thousand dollars from France. Doubled the size of U.S. secured navigation rights on the disseminated sclerosis River. Authorized purchase with forbidden making amendment, exercised the chairperson’s implied powers to protect the farming.\r\nB. 12th Amendment (1804)- Citizens are to vote for Preside nt and Vice President separately. Prevented future electoral crises.\r\nC. Non-Importation spell (1807)- prohibited importation from Great Britain of cloth and coat articles.\r\nD. ban Act (1807)- Stopped shipments of food and opposite American products to foreign ports. M some(prenominal) were thrown out of work because of it. Was get tod to harbor U.S. neutrality. Created as a short measure to prevent confrontation among American merchant vessels and British and French warships and to put drive on France and England.\r\nE. Non- Intercourse Act (1809)- passed by Jefferson in his last days of office. Reopened trade with all nations just Britain and France, and authorized the professorship to resume trade with Britain or France if either of them ceased to violate neutral rights.\r\nIX. Foreign policy Decisions- Stated under domestic happenings.\r\nX. Major interlocking of Administration-\r\nA. rottenstone War (1801-05)- A conflict between the unify States and Tripoli, incited by American refusal to continue recompense of tri entirelye to the piratical rulers of the North African Barbary States of Algiers, Tunis, Morocco, and Tripoli. manifold North Africa, was extension of fight about security from\r\npirates in Barbary States.\r\nB. Marbury v. Madison (1803)- Supreme Court of the United States established its authority to review and invalidate government actions that conflict with the Constitution of the United States. First eon that the Supreme Court declared an act of Congress to be unconstitutional. Established Judicial Review.\r\nC. Burr Hamilton duel (1804)- Hamilton publicly criticized Burr, Burr demanded for an apology and a duel resulted. Hamilton was fatally wounded.\r\nD. Republicans attack the federalist judiciary (1804)- Republicans were making all effort to remove federalist judges from power. The house was unable(p) to impeach Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase. preserve the Court’s independence and established the agent that criminal actions were the only grounds for impeachment.\r\nE. The Chesapeake Incident (1807)- British ship fired upon American ship that refused to be searched for deserters. Three Americans were killed, and eighteen wounded British seized quaternary deserters, three were American citizens. Exposed American troops weakness and increased the impact of impressments on the public. Would be the cause of Embargo Act.\r\nXI. Major Social Changes-\r\nA. batch’s involvement in Politics increased. 90 percent of eligible voters cast ballots between 1804 and 1816. Political barbeques states, and modernistic style of campaigning evolved.\r\nB. Slave revolutionary ideas began.\r\nC. American Art began to take shape.\r\n1. Rembrandt Peale was one of well-nigh famous of first American artists. Was famous for his portraits of American hot seats.\r\nXII. Major Inventions and Technological Advancements\r\nA. Robert Fulton’s invention the Steamboat, Clermont(1807) make s its insertion\r\nXIII.\r\nThomas Jefferson was a fairly replete(p) chair and receives an overall rating of 6.5. His decisions and ideas were sometimes wise and sometimes foolish.\r\nJefferson’s main destructions were to restore government to its express role, to extend the Republican’s power in the federal government, to establish republican virtues such as independence, self-reliance, and equality, and to descend the National debt as oft as possible. He in any case wanted to expand the nation and make it as powerful as possible. postulate the presidents before him, he also wanted to maintain neutrality, undisturbed commerce, and no entangling alliances. Adams accomplished some of these goals. Initially, the issue debt was decreased. Congress repealed all internal taxes, including the Whiskey Tax. Jefferson also declined to use the foreign and Sedition Acts against his opponents, and coition allowed both(prenominal) acts to expire. The naturalization Ac t was also replaced with a much little severe one.\r\nHe refused to recognize any of the appointments Adams made in the last days of his presidency, and awarded lazy treasury and judicial offices to republicans. He succeeded in his goal and got rid of the old Federalist programs he didn’t like. As for expansion, the purchase of the Louisiana Territory allowed Jefferson to achieve scarcely what he had dreamed of. It also prevented war with France, over the manuscript River. Accomplishing this goal however, contradicted his goal of eliminating the National debt and stringently abiding by the Constitution.\r\nJefferson’s cabinet include Aaron Burr (1801) and George Clinton (1805-1809) as Vice president, James Madison as secretarial assistant of State (1801-1809), Secretary of the treasury Samuel Dexter (1801) and Albert Gallatin (1801-1809), Secretary of War Henry Dearborn (1801-1809), and Secretary of Navy Robert Smith(1801-1809). Albert Gallatin was one of Jeffe rson’s best appointments. Gallatin worked to second achieve Jefferson’s goals in National budget. He cut the army budget in half(prenominal) and reduced the 1802 Navy budget by two-thirds. Gallatin move to reduce the national debt from 83 million to 57 million. Robert Smith also had a significant influence. He oversaw the Navy that blockaded Tripoli to win the Tripoli war and also forced the Algiers and Tunis to release attacks against Americans. The president chose his cabinet because he believed they were the most adapted and wanted to achieve the same things he did. This was admittedly for the most part, and his cabinet was on his side.\r\nThe president and relation back got along very well. The Republicans were in majority passim his presidency so Jefferson had no problems with congress. When Jefferson declined using the Alien and Sedition Acts congress let them expire. Congress repealed the Naturalization Act, and created a new one that required less for c itizenship. Congress also repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801, so Jefferson could appoint a Supreme Court member. Jefferson controlled congress through his leadership of the Republican Party. It was firmly on Jefferson’s side and did everything it could to further the republican interest.\r\nJefferson had to deal with domestic and foreign crises. The nations had built up a large debt, which could be called a crisis. Jefferson wanted to reduce the debt as much as possible. At first, he did do this by cutting funding. But with the purchase of the Louisiana Territory the debt only increased. In the seas, Jefferson was set about with a number of problems. Britain was practicing impressments. Senate passed the non-importation act but he suspended it in hopes of a negotiation settlement. Negotiations were empty-handed so nothing changed. At the time the impressments of sailors wasn’t considered a crisis, but the Chesapeake affair made everyone aware. In reaction, Jefferson did not declare war, because he knew Britain had a top-hole Navy. Instead, he closed American waters to the British, and issued the Non-importation and Embargo Act. War may have been avoided, but by closing all American ports Jefferson created his own new crises. Smuggling resulted and the American economy plummeted.\r\nBy way out the Embargo Act, he hurt his own nation more then his intended targets, Great Britain and France. pettishness was also created throughout New England, and talk of epoch started. To deal with this crisis he created, Jefferson issued the Non-Intercourse Act. The new Act puzzle out the problems created by the embargo, but didn’t prevent any of the same problems that prompted it. The issuing of these acts was by far the president’s greatest failure. Although it was a failure, some high-priced did come out of it. America’s industries grew. proscribe to trade, Americans had to make their own products. The Embargo precipitated the Ind ustrial Revolution. For Jefferson, the crises he dealt with are ones he’d rather forget.\r\nA minor crisis which Jefferson had to deal with was Aaron Burr’s conspiracy, the expound of which are still un cognize, either to establish an independent republic in the Louisiana Territory or to launch an invasion of Spanish-held Mexico. Jefferson acted swiftly to arrest Burr early in 1807 and brought him to trial for treason. Jefferson is not cognize as a good president for how he dealt with crises, it is the opposite. As for his accomplishments, the Louisiana Purchase was his greatest success. The stain was vast and benefited the nation in many ways. non only was war avoided, but a stack amount of land was acquired. Navigation on the Mississippi River was also gained, which was extremely important for trade. This accomplishment was perhaps one of the greatest of any president and brass section in American History.\r\nThomas Jefferson was greatly respect by the peopl e of his day. He was well know as a revolutionary leader and as the author of the Declaration of Independence. He was also known and respected as the governor of Virginia. He truly served the people, and was the first president to lead a semipolitical party. Jefferson was a leader, and everyone who knew of him saw him as one.\r\nJefferson was frugal, simple, and fickle. From the beginning, Jefferson made it hap that he wanted to represent the average American, unalike the other presidents before him, he dressed plainly, even at his inauguration. He was frugal in that he cut spending as much as possible, internal taxes were reduced and the military budget was cut, with the expulsion of the Louisiana Purchase. He was fickle in that he did not hesitate in buying the Louisiana Territory, using Federal power. Jefferson was known to believe in strict interpretation of the Constitution and it did not state that the president had the authority to acquire new rule and integrate it into t he nation.\r\nThe president and his administration influenced decisions made by future administrations. Jefferson’s decision to exercise the implied powers the president has to protect the nation set a agent for future presidents. Many things Jefferson and his administration did also stirred the lives of future generations. The purchase of the Louisiana territory would create a whole new group of people, called frontiersman. large number would settle into the area and live new lives. purchase the territory, although causing further debt, was the best thing for the country. It would end up being an excellent investment. Jefferson’s embargo act, also had a dramatic affect on the future.\r\nHe did not know at the time, but the embargo Act would enhance America’s industries, and start a whole new trend. When the president made his decisions they were thought through, although not always good ones. The decisions Jefferson made in foreign affairs were in general correct, because the nation was not ready for war and to stoppage neutral was the best thing. But Jefferson should have avoided war by using methods other than economic pressure. Jefferson was fairly-open minded and would listen to others. It’s hard to say precisely how open-minded he was, because his cabinet and congress concord with him on just about everything.\r\nOverall, Thomas Jefferson was a good president. Although his results were far from perfect at times, his intentions were good.\r\n'

'Agoraphobia – An overview\r'

'Agoraphobia is a tell apart of having an congenital diswhitethorn of attending crowded beas, civic places, or slack spaces, and at times comes with anxiety assaults. However, the terminology is extensively misinterpreted. Its wordy meaning implies an apprehension of â€Å" disseminate spaces”. Notwith stand up, it is non an appropriate way and or else ambiguous path of looking at it.Agoraphobics are not in the main and frequently afraid of open spaces. They are rather fearful of under discharge diswhitethorn-stricken emotions, whatever place or wherever time such fearful feelings whitethorn possibly engender. For many, this takes place at home, in friendship gathering or worship places, or in jam-packed supermarkets, places that are legitimately not â€Å"open”.In reality, agoraphobia is a state which takes over when an individual shuns spaces or state of affairs that induce anxiety. typical â€Å"phobic situations” skill contain circumstances lik e driving, shopping, crowded places, traveling, standing in line, macrocosm al iodin, meetings and social gatherings. (Nayman 2010)Experts say that agoraphobia occurs imputable to inner nervousness turn backs which subsequent develop so extreme that the sufferer turns paranoid of deprivation in places where panic feelings or anxiety arise. at one time the panic fervours begin, these occurrences turn into an ongoing strain.This norm completelyy directs an increase in the numbers of panic attacks and, for approximately individuals, a wad in such situations or events washbowl nurture panicky feelings. A handful world power buzz off apprehensive feelings constantly, more emotions of overall distress, instead of panic.Therefore, agoraphobia is both †an intense form and a phobia, besides existenceness a prototype of a shunning behavior. (Nayman 2010) near agoraphobics may suffer from this phobia so ruthlessly that they totally housebound themselves, out-of-pocket to which they rarely go outside.Many pack consider agoraphobia as contradictory to claustrophobia (fear of being locked in terminald spaces, e.g. elevators) †however, it is not merely a fright of open spaces.Agoraphobia may cause due to the fear of leaving outdoors, a sort of open space †but it is NOT an anxiety of being in vast openness and without walls, a cover or other peripheries, etc. This trepidation of going outdoors offshoots from an anxiety of being humiliated, cornered and unsafe someplace while having a panic attack that is never thought to occur within one’s own home. (Gournay 1989)According to the estimates of National Institute of kind Health (NIMH), in America around 3.2 one million million million Ameri stops suffer from agoraphobia. The normal age of the beginning of agoraphobia is 20 years.The Causes:Professionals are not as confident and certain as to what are the exact causes of agoraphobia. Many read that it might be a product of fleshl y (excessive anxiety) and/or psychological factors how it is connected to an anxiety upset.Many people suffering from panic disorder provide in conclusion develop a state of agoraphobia, because normally agoraphobics sustain a panic attack or disorder which with the passage of time turns into an intense phase of anxiety. The condition might become a injurytic meliorateth and social phase that anxiety ridden individuals end up find them trapped in. (Gournay 1989)History of Agoraphobia:In the mid 1960s Agoraphobia was termed as a ‘Phobic concern Disorder’ A prominent German neurologist Westphal was the first to chance on the word in 1871. Westphal emphasized on the import of anxiety interconnected with the condition.Later researches prove that mostly women as compared to men go through this kind of phobia. (depressionguiude.com) phobia.depression-guide.com/agoraphobia.html natural symptoms of agoraphobia: Sufferers happen to undergo the symptoms when they exper ience such situations or surroundings that induce anxiety in them.Physical indications may be uncommon since a number of agoraphobic individuals evade situations which they perceive will activate panic. However, if symptoms do appear, they might overwhelm: Increased heart flitter and an increased breathing rate (hyperventilating).Feeling hot, going red, corporation upset, Diarrhea, trouble swallowing, breaking out in a sweat, nausea, shivering, trembling, dizziness, feeling light headed, if about to faint, & antiophthalmic factor; closed chain in the ears. (medicalnewstoday.com)Psychological Symptoms:The Psychological symptoms are sometimes related to to the physical symptoms of the phobia which might include:Anxiety that people will take in poster a panic attack, which results in disgrace and discomfiture. affright that they would be unable to breathe throughout a terror assault, their heart my stop working, or, resulting in their death. apprehension that the sufferer himse lf/herself is going wild and out of arrest. separate exclusive possible psychological symptoms may include: decrease in morale and self-esteem, out of control sensation, stress, general feeling of dread and anxiety. Thinking that without the financial aid of others the sufferer himself/herself would never be able to go bad or survive.  Dread of being left alone. (medicalnewstoday.com)behavioural symptoms:Behavioral symptoms of agoraphobia may be:Dodging †Escaping from surroundings and situations that may prompt anxiety. In some instances this may be moderate, in which the patent shuns all crowded and existence places.In extreme episodes, he/she totally house bounds him/herself, or ties at the hip of a close friend or loved one. Avoids going in a crowded train. In some truly intense occurrences the individual stackt leave the house or considers it impossible to do so.Encouragement †the sufferer direly needs encouragement or reassurance from someone very close. He/she might go out to shops or marketplaces provided a authoritative friend comes along too. On the contrary, in sharp-worded instances the sufferer rear endt bear or stand being alone at all.Safety measures †needing to take along some items in order to confront or side boldly the environment or places triggering anxiety. For instance, some of such individuals need to have an alcoholic drink onwards stepping into a crowded place, while others may not go outside until they are sure to confirm their tablets along. Run international †escaping or running away from nerve-racking places or situations straight away and going back home. (medicalnewstoday.com)How To Identify Agoraphobic Students And Assist Them To knowledge Better:A handful of American schoolchilds in their final years leave their studies due to agoraphobia, & of course no individual or scholarly person in a class room scholar can stand being tagged as an â€Å"agoraphobic patient” or a â €Å"sufferer”.Fortunately, we have school psychologists working with not bad(p) concerns on such matters, even though the process of identifying such agoraphobic students is not a herculean task, because the indications or symptoms are conspicuous enough to pin floor such individuals.The course teachers can be of great help for the psychologists seeking agoraphobic students in academia. Once identified, the process of support them do better in their educational lives is discussed below.Case Study And Treatment Of The Disorder: regard the instance of scottfin, a high school student about how she overcame this disorder.â€Å"I am not a teen anymore, but I remember having life-threatening panic attacks in class. I didnt know what they were. like a shot dont laugh or maybe you should, but I thought I was being possessed by the devil. Don’t know why I thought that, but I didnt have anything to tush what I was going through on. I in the end got help from a doctor, an d he put me on medication.It made them disappear. It was a huge relief. I later learned that it is very common. I hope you will be able to motor some help, and cop on with your life. I want you to know it does get better. Hang in there. The teen years are hard enough, but then to have this on top of it is intolerable. I wish you the best!”This shows that this phobia can be treated if the sufferer is flying to coordinate. And as stated earlier school therapists can do a lot to treat agoraphobics via helping them develop coping skills to curb their fright and anxiety. systematic desensitization, a sort of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), is a viable behavioral method acting employ to bring back agoraphobics.It is based on the foundation of getting the person relaxed, asking him/her to then ponder over the gears of the phobia, operating(a) from the slightest fearful to the most fearful. Ongoing and Steady fliering entry to real life phobias is also a method deployed wh ich has practically aided patients to conquer the fears.(Eisenstadt 2003) According to some findings at National Institute of Mental Health, approx 75% agoraphobics having specific phobias shed their fears through this method of cognitive-behavioral therapy. (psychologistanywhereanytime.com)Anti-apprehension and anti- trauma remedies are often prescribed to help depress the indicators’ toll on this disorder. Some drugs which facilitate in controlling the operation of serotonin (brain’s secernment controlling transmissions relating mood changes) are often prescribed. Nonetheless, these prescriptions do not crack the phobia wholly; it can decrease unease so that the sufferer can handle the phobia.Hypnotherapy or Hypnosis is another method in which patients are made to speak about their intrinsic frights being in a subconscious state. It can prove an effective sanative technique used by clinical psychologists. (Eisenstadt 2003)Another famous technique to heal the disor der is called Emotional Freedom Techniques, which is assumed to be one of the most viable forms of psychological treatments. It is a method widely accepted by doctors all over the world.However, this must be taken into account that during the handling of agoraphobia, the counselor or psychiatrist might have to travel with the sufferer or sink time with him/her personally maintain a therapeutic distance.\r\n'