Global Financial Crisis: Aviation Industry Impact

Global m geniustary Crisis melodic line industry Imp do workAbstractThe basic aim behind to conduct a research psychoanalysis on the implys of the founding-wide pecuniary crisis with specific to the tune industry. The research give benefactor to actu eachy meditate the afterwards affects of the monetary crisis. As we each know that line is one of the to the mellowedest degree alpha pillars of the globose preservation of the universe. And besides this empyrean provides millions of jobs orbicularly and contri nonwithstandinged heavily in the orbicular gross domestic product. This orbit is as well the to the highest degree important and the intimately efficient mode of transportation. It provides the transportation services any over the earth. So as the world(a) monetary crisis which was born c all toldable to the misadventure of the major pecuniary institutions motived the drastic impacts on the world economy. And as the melodic phrase is th e important part it also got affected heavily by the crisis. Due to which this melodic line sector which is one the fastest growing industry has to face proscribe growth station. Also the aviation sector has to face peachy losings. Some aviation companies was able to disrobe much(prenominal) huge losings but there is a big number of those aviation companies who do have capacity to strip such(prenominal) huge breathing outes so they go let kayoed after the world(prenominal) fiscal crisis.CHAPTER 1 IntroductionIntroduction1.1 OverviewThe spherical fiscal crisis was triggered in 2007 8 primary(prenominal)ly in develop countries c are join States of America. After that the crisis entered in the European countries and after a few days the crisis just conduce the whole of the world infra its impact. Almost all of the countries in the world got affected by this pecuniary crisis directly or indirectly. This financial crisis was born due to the harm of the major finan cial institution of these developed countries. These financial institutions include banks wish Lehman Br mod(prenominal)s, Bear Steams and etc. These primary(prenominal) financial institutions of the United States are the main reason behind the financial crisis. Te world(a) financial crisis acceptd impacts on almost each and either industry of the world. The key businesses which were covering good positions and were experiencing good growth experient negative growth because of the financial crisis. Also the consumer wealth faces the billions of dollars issue due to the financial crisis. That is why this global Financial Crisis is thought to be the worst financial crisis after the great Depression of twentieth century.The main reason behind the trouble of the financial institutions was the artificial bubble of the housing sector of U.S.A. This artificial bubble got height in 2006 and all of a sudden it burst in year 2007 8 and caused the values of the securities which were tied to the Americas real estate to massive decline. This caused the girl balance in the financial institutions of U.S.A as around 50% of their advances were given on the housing sector. As the value of the real estate falls and so do the financial institutions. And as result of which these financial institutions has bare losses of around $2.3 trillion. This is also the main reason that the most strongest financial institutions go snap off after baring such huge losses.As aviation is one of the most important pillars of the global economy of the world. And also this sector provides millions of jobs globally and contributed heavily in the global GDP. This sector is also the most important and the most efficient mode of transportation. It provides the transportation services all over the world. So as the global financial crisis which was born due to the failure of the major financial institutions caused the drastic impacts on the world economy. And as the aviation is the important part it also got affected heavily by the crisis. Due to which this aviation sector which is one the fastest growing industry has to face negative growth rate. . Also the aviation sector has to face huge losses. Some aviation companies was able to bare such huge losses but there is a big number of those aviation companies who do have capacity to bare such huge losses so they go bankrupt after the global financial crisis.1.2 priming InformationThe global financial crisis hit the world economy in 2008 and go away drastic affects on the world economy, especially the growing industries. The crisis a rosaceous first in U.S.A and Europe due to the failures of the main financial institutions. This failure of well-nigh financial institutions, lead to the biggest financial crisis after the great depression. The main reason behind the failure of the financial institutions was the artificial bubble of the housing sector of U.S.A. This artificial bubble got height in 2006 and miserablely i t burst in year 2007 8 and caused the values of the securities which were tied to the Americas real estate to massive decline. This caused the vault balance in the financial institutions of U.S.A as around 50% of their advances were given on the housing sector. As the value of the real estate falls and so do the financial institutions. And as result of which these financial institutions has bare losses of around $2.3 trillion. This is also the main reason that the most strongest financial institutions go bankrupt after baring such huge losses.Impact on air travel sectorAs the global economy was disturbed due to this financial crisis of 2008 so air macrocosm as one of the main pillars of global economy, it also got affected. As aviation is the main source of transportation finishedout the world. The crisis had deeply taken with(p) this growing industry. Due to global financial crisis the aviation industry had experienced the negative growth. The impact of the crisis was so hu ge that a big number of airline companies go bankrupt and those who survived still had to face huge losses.Importance With Respect To The WorldThe global financial crisis is of great importance to the global economy as it has caused drastic impacts on the global economy. Most of the economies of the developed nations are heavily affected by the crisis. It causes the negative impact on almost all of the global businesses. The global financial crisis, brewing for a while, truly started to show its feats in the middle of 2007 and into 2008. Around the world stock grocerys have fallen, large financial institutions have collapsed or been bought out, and governments in in time the wealthiest nations have had to come up with rescue packages to bail out their financial systemThe aviation throughout the world faces the losses in their revenue because of the increasing oil colour prices and the global financial crisis. Many of the small airlines as well as some big airlines companies go bankrupt.Importance With Respect To PakistanThe Pakistani economy is non as badly affected as that of different(a) countries by the global recession of 2007-2008. The global financial crisis that hit the world very severely has non left galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) impacts on the economy of Pakistan. Just as the economy has remained safe from getting adverse impacts, the Pakistan International skyway has non been affected that badly either. However, the year 2008 failed to bring any crucial improvements in the overall and financial performance of Pakistan International Airlines. The conundrums, the issues and the problems of the previous years remained and hindered the progress. These similar problems led to further loss and at the end, the company had to bear a higher net loss than the previous year. A short study of the year 2007 shows that during that year, the company went through several unpleasant experiences. It had to face a number of financial, trade and oper ational problems. Operating restrictions which were imposed by the European Union during the first few months of the year, led to great disruption in the Pakistan International Airlines schedules and also caused great curtailment in the capacity.During all this, the Pakistan International Airline lost market share. This made the conditions even more(prenominal) difficult for the Pakistan International Airlines. The tremendous maturation in the oil prices, which had never been seen before, put adverse loads on the PIAs bottom line. PIA was left with no other choice but to bear the load and burden of paying for the expensive fire. Moreover, the make up in the salaries if certain categories of personnel and depreciation of the rupee towards the end of the year, both aggravated the situation.1.4 Research Question there are many reasons that I have chosen this return of Impact assessment of global financial crisi on the aviation industry. First of all since child the air planes rea lly used to fascinate. It was my dream to beat a pilot but I couldnt make to that. But I want to join aviation sector after my studies as I am trying to get admission in Emirates schooltime of melody to do MBA in aviation management. That is why I have chosen this specific topic to do research. I think that I have find and learn a lot of innovative things, facts and figures about aviation industry. So I really want to know about the ups and down in aviation sector.The scope of the research is basically to focus on how the global financial crisis has cause impacts on aviation industry or how GFC has affected the aviation sector specifically. And also to analyze different factors take away in affecting this fastest growing sector of the world.Bay basic Research Question is How the global financial crisis has cause impact on AVIATION INDUSTRY.CHAPTER 2 Literature appraiseLiterature ReviewThe literature review will focus on the issues and the reasons that how the Global financial Crisis has affected the gentle wind Industry as a whole, it will chiefly be focusing on the different factors involved that affect the aviation.1Peter Morrell in his articles Can long haul low make up Airlines be prospering talks about low cost airlines. Author says an important task is to determine if LCC business stick which is largely short haul move work over long haul sectors or non. This idea examines the advantages of LCCs including the cost and it also appraises how far they can be applied to long haul sectors. The author says that it is seen that the cost advantages might be much lower than approximately 50-60% on short hauls. He also says that the factors such as the implementation and acceptance of some LCC features by network airlines and their anticipated response, the limited potential for market stimulation, the need for dense markets and feed traffic all cast doubt on the prevailing intellectual institution of the business model for long-haul fights.2Jaco b Denaro in his article air travel says that due to the worlds energy crisis, there has been as sum up in the cost of furnish which has affected U.S. international air carriers adversely. According to the author, the cost of discharge on international air routes increased up to three times than that of domestic jet fuel because it was not under the influence of federal price controls. This aroused the need for subsidies to cover these high fuel bills since Nov,1973. The airlines position was approved by the Chairman of the Civil Aeronautics Board. While the issue stayed unsettled, Pan Am asked the Board for the refine to arbitrate the consolidation of trans-Atlantic services on the basis that the rapidly increasing fuel prices had plunged it into a financial crisis. Pan Am also asked for the permission to discuss with TWA the possible consolidation of operations, interrelated services and sharing of revenues on trans-Atlantic routes. TWA approved of his position before the Boa rd and filed a petition of its own. The wellnessy expert Department stated that the proposition would decrease competition and would prove to be detrimental to the public. The Departments Anti-Trust Division mentioned that pooling would not make the financial impact of the fuel situation any less acute, international air travelers are provided better sevice because of the system of competition which is there, and that the pooling arrangements decrease the incentives to provide both economicalal and efficient services. These and some other reasons were behind the opposition to the airlines request.3Dr. Geraint Harvey Professor Turnbull in their report The Impact of the Financial Crisis on beat back of the Civil Aviation Industry say that civil Aviation is an important and indispensable part of the world economy. It affects activities from either sphere of vivification and provides employment to a great number of plenty. This industry provides 31.9 million jobs all around t he world. At first, the industry suffered greatly at the hands of the attacks of Sept11,2001 and is now adversely affected because of the global financial crisis. The financial crisis hit the employment in the airline industry as many wad have lost their jobs. Managerial authorities believe that it whitethorn take years to restore the industry to its normal condition. The study discusses the ways in which the job losses have been taken care of or dealt with.4Novie John Prof. Peter Jones in their article The Impact of Economic Downturn in the pip Catering Industry say that the number of air riders has greatly decreased which has led to different flights being cancelled. Customers have turned to more economical and cheaper alternatives. So, different companies are compelled to lessen the fares while providing the same banal services. Buying approach has changed. People now try to find cheaper alternatives and solutions. Some people say that all the sectors are equally affected by the present(a) recession. The number of the business class passengers has reduced which has left a great impact on the scheduled airlines. Effects are felt differently of the menses recession in the different parts of the world. American economy and the European economy have suffered the most in the recent crisis. Many people believe that the impact of the crisis will only remain for a short time whereas some believe that it may take as long as 5 years.5Markus Franke and Florian John in their article What Comes Next After Recession? Airline Industry Scenarios and likely End Games say that the economic crisis of 2008 has proved to be more severe than that of 2001/2003. Airlines tried their best to sully their operating costs and operating expenses but still they failed to bypass the erects of the global recession. Also, the process of recuperation in pro conciliates has been very slow in several(a) airlines.Although a decrease in take away was judge, the crisis caused many o ther effects that were not expected by any of the experts. During the recession of 2008, the fuel prices rose dramatically which reduced the profits extensively. This recession led to a huge decline in the petition for air travel. Most airlines around the world reacted immediately in 2008 as they reduced their capacity in the short run. And also many of the small airlines have to close down their operations and also go bankrupt as well.6Muhammad Usman in his article Global Financial Crisis Its Impact On development Countries And Lessons For Pakistan says that the recession of 2008 was the worst financial crisis ever experienced after the Great Depression of 1930s. This financial crisis arose due to the failure of the major financial institutions of the United States of America including the leading banks like Lehman Brothers. The impact of this financial crisis also caused drastic impacts on the European economy resulting in the downward trends in the stock exchange and also a si gnificant impact on the value of different subprime mortgages at the same time. The recent financial crisis also caused negative impacts on the world economy as a whole. Almost each and every aspect of the global economy got affected by the financial crisis. Economy of Pakistan being part of the global economy also got affected by the global financial crisis. But as Pakistani economy is already facing so many problems do get that much affected by the financial crisis.7A Google Book Aviation Industry Performance says that the aviation industry had to face many challenges during the year 2008. Many passengers even changed their preferences and demands which worsened the condition. Operating costs also increased due to increase in the fuel prices. Both , the increase in oil prices and the recession led to service terminations and many bankruptcies.After the recession of 2008, different companies took steps to cope with the situation. They achieved the target of improving the economic c onditions by pillow slip costs and increasing the fares. The number of domestic scheduled flights was reduced. The airlines that used small air crafts were forced to manage them or minimize their number. Soon, reduction in the number of scheduled flights was seen and the companies reduced the fares to increase the demand until new capacity cuts were introduced.(Elizabeth Tinoco director ILO Sectoral Activities Department) Aviation industry keep backs 31.9 million jobs globally.Markus Frank and Florian John (2010). Before financial crisis Aviation industry had an annual growth rate of 7 % to 9%.Markus Frank and Florian John (2010). In fossil oil Crisis of 1979-80 and Asian Financial Crisis the Aviation industry grew at least 2% annually.Markus Frank and Florian John (2010). alone three times the Aviation industry have seen the negative growth.Neil Dias Karunaratne (2009) Global financial Crisis deeply effect the Aviation Industry.Markus Frank and Florian John (2010). Drop of 6.1 %of overall air traffic was recorded in 2009CHAPTER 3 MethodologyMethodologyThe topic of my research is Impact Assessment Of Global Financial Crisis On Aviation Industry. The methodology will tell us as to what models to apply and on the basis of that results will be formulated and interpreted and the most affecting variable will be verified.Research TypeThe slip of research which I will be conducting is quantitative in nature. As the selective information of my research is mainly secondary and mostly its in numbers so qualitative does not suite my research topic. As there are lots of numeric selective information involved in my research so I have to run different statistical models which are only possible in quantitative vitrine of research. information Type and Research PeriodData used in my research will be secondary in nature. The data could in form of time series data gathered from various databases. The reference period of data used in my research is of five years ranging fr om 2005 to 2009.Sources of DataData for my research will be most likely taken from several databases and related websites. The major sources of data collection are the reports, working papers and actual facts of Air Carrier Traffic Statistics, IATA, WDI, ILO, JSTOR etc. data of oil prices will be taken from OPEC web site. Data on tourism will be taken from WDI and data on GDP will also be taken from WDI and different economic surveys. Data on unemployment, less travel demand and couriers will also be gathered.Theoretical modelOperational DefinitionsAviation means science and technology of flight through air i.e. airlines9/11 attack on the world trade centre.GFC Global Financial Crisis.SARS Severe Acute respiratory Syndrome.GDP Gross Domestic Product.Financial Markets is a mechanism that allows people to buy and sell (trade) financial securities (stocks and bonds), commodities (precious metals) and other fungible items of value at low transaction cost.Asian financial crisis The Asia n Financial Crisis was a period of financial crisis that gripped much of Asia beginning in July 1997, and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown due to financial contagion.RPK Revenue Passenger kilometer (RPK) is a measure of a passenger traffic for an airline flight, bus, or train calculated by multiplying the total number of revenue-paying passengers aboard the vehicle by the distance traveled measured in milesTechniquesThe technique to be carried out for research will be Regression analysis. Regression analysis is a statistical technique which is used to determine the family relationships among variables. It involves modeling and analyzing variables relationships amongst one dependent variable and several independent variables.Data AnalysisThe statistical softwares to be employed for research purpose are Minitab, Statgraphics and EViews. Regression for each variable will be run. The research will also use graphs and tables for illustration.RESEARCH HYPOTHESISH0 Global Financial Crisis has not cause significant impacts on Aviation Industry.HA Global Financial Crisis cause significant impacts on Aviation Industry.H0 Crude cover Prices has not significant effect on Aviation Industry.HA Crude oil color Prices have significant effect on Aviation Industry.H0 GDP growth has not significant effect on Aviation Industry.HA GDP growth has any significant effect on Aviation Industry.H0 ostentatiousness rate has not significant effect on Aviation Industry.HA Inflation rate have any significant effect on Aviation Industry.H0 Unemployment rate has not significant effect on Aviation Industry.HA Unemployment rate have any significant effect on Aviation Industry.CHAPTER 4 Results and AnalysisResults and AnalysisRESULTSMultiple Regression AnalysisDependent variable Registered Carrier Departures ideal TParameter Estimate Error Statistic P-ValueCONSTANT 1.17957E7 1.17689E6 10.0227 0.0000Crude Oil Prices 36212.5 6652.45 5.44348 0.0001GDP return % -50451.8 93127.7 -0.541749 0.5959Inflation annual % -541064.0 104745.0 -5.16555 0.0001Unemployment % -547932.0 133271.0 -4.11141 0.0009-Analysis of VarianceSource Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-ValueModel 2.10578E13 4 5.26444E12 22.98 0.000 counterbalance 3.4357E12 15 2.29047E11Total (Corr.) 2.44935E13 19R- second powerd = 85.973 percentR-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 82.2325 percentStandard Error of Est. = 478588.0Mean absolute illusion = 323221.0Durbin-Watson statistic = 1.67531The StatAdvisorThe output shows the results of fitting a multiple linear regression model to describe the relationship in the midst of Registered Carrier Departures and 4 independent variables. The equation of the fitted model isRegistered Carrier Departures = 1.17957E7 50451.8*GDP Growth % -541064.0*Inflation 36212.5*Oil Prices 547932.0*Unemployment %Since the P-value in the ANOVA table is less than 0.01, there is a statistically significant relationship amongst the variables at the 99% confidence train.The R-Squared statistic indicates that the model as fitted explains 85.973% of the variability in Registered Carrier Departures. The adjusted R-squared statistic, which is more suitable for comparing models with different numbers of independent variables, is 82.2325%. The standard error of the estimate shows the standard diversionary attack of the residuals to be 478588.0. This value can be used to construct prediction limits for new observations by selecting the Reports choice from the text menu. The mean absolute error (MAE) of 323221.0 is the average value of the residuals. The Durbin-Watson (DW) statistic tests the residuals to determine if there is any significant correlation based on the order in which they occur in your data file. Since the DW value is great than 1.4, there is probably not any serious autocorrelation in the residuals.In determining whether the model can be simplified, notice that the highest P-value on the independent variables is 0.5959, belonging to unemploy ment. Since the P-value is greater or equal to 0.10, that term is not statistically significant at the 90% or higher confidence level. Consequently, you should consider removing GDP Growth % from the model.Regression AnalysisCrude Oil PricesH0 0HA 0 =0.01,test stat tctc = 2.539t-stat=5.4438 2.539Sign of t-stat is not the same as expected.We do not freeze off Ho as the coefficient of the raspy oil prices is not coming out to be significant at 1% level of significance.GDP Growth %H0 0HA 0 =0.01tc = 2.539test stat o.541749 Sign of GDP Growth % is not the same as expected.We do not reject H0, as the GDP Growth is not coming out to be significant at 1% level of significance.Inflation %H0 0HA 0 =0.01tc = 2.539test stat tc-5.16555 2.539Sign of tstat is the same as the expected sign of HAWe reject H0, as annual inflation is coming out to be significant at 1 % level of signifance.UnemploymentH0 0HA 0 =0.01tc = 2.539test stat tc-4.11141 2.539Sign of tstat is the same a s the expected sign of HAWe reject H0 as unemployment rate % is coming out to be significant at 1 % level.Interpretation of the VariablesThe no of registered carrier departure will be equal to 11795000, if all other independent variables are equal to zero.The Coefficient of the bare-ass oil prices is coming to be positive, which is not true. This could be because of some unobserved factors that are causing positive biasness in crude oil prices variable.Crude OilIf crude oil prices will increase by $1 then the number registered carrier departures will increase by 36212.5, holding all other variables constant.GDP growth %If GDP growth will go up by 1%, the no. of registered carrier departure will decrease by 504.518 departures, keeping all other variables constant.Inflation %If the inflation in the US economy will increase by 1%, then the number of registered carrier departures will decrease by 5410.64 number of flights, keeping all other variables constant.Unemployment rate %If the unemployment rate in the us economy will increase by 1 % the registered carrier will decrease by 5479.32 number of flights, keeping all other variables constant.R squareThe simpler commonly used measure of fit is the coefficient of determination, R2. The coefficient of determination is explained sum of squares to the total sum of squares.R2=The higher the R2, the adjacent the closer the estimated regression equation fits the sample data. Measures of this type are called goodness of fit measures. The goodness of fit explains the variation of Y around .R-squared = 85.973 percentR-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 82.2325 percentThe R-squares of this regression is 85.973 percent which is really good.ConclusionThe global financial crisis was triggered in 2007 8 mainly in developed countries like United States of America. After that the crisis entered in the European countries and after a few days the crisis just take the whole of the world under its impact. Almost all of the countries in the world got affected by this financial crisis directly or indirectly. This financial crisis was born due to the failure of the major financial institution of these developed countries. These financial institutions include banks like Lehman Brothers, Bear Steams and etc. These main financial institutions of the United States are the main reason behind the financial crisis. Te global financial crisis caused impacts on almost each and every industry of the world. The key businesses which were showing good positions and were experiencing good growth experienced negative growth because of the financial crisis. Also the consumer wealth faces the billions of dollars loss due to the financial crisis. That is why this global Financial Crisis is thought to be the worst financial crisis after the great Depression of twentieth century.As aviation is one of the most important pillars of the global economy of the world. And also this sector provides millions of jobs globally and contributed he avily in the global GDP. This sector is also the most important and the most efficient mode of transportation. It provides the transportation services all over the world. So as the global financial crisis which was born due to the failure of the major financial institutions caused the drastic impacts on the world economy. And as the aviation is the important part it also got affected heavily by the crisis. Due to which this aviation sector which is one the fastest growing industry has to face negative growth rate. . Also the aviation sector has to face huge losses. Some aviation companies was able to bare such huge losses but there is a big number of those aviation companies who do have capacity to bare such huge losses so they go bankrupt after the global financial crisis.Ethical douse Refusal of TreatmentEthical Issue Refusal of TreatmentIntroductionThe broad scope of entertain practice demands familiarity with the all of the ethical, victor and legal issues relating to clinic al practice. The care for and Midwifery Council standards of conduct, performance and ethics require that adjudges provide high standards of practice and have a duty of care to all long-suffering roles (NMC 2007). This paper discusses the case of Alastair and explores the ethical, professional and legal issues which are of relevance to clinical care for practice in this particular case.Ethical, professional and legal issues liberty is defined as the right to determine what happens to ones own body. As stated by Mill (1982) the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any genus Phallus of a civilised community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a enough warrant. He cannot rightfully be compelled to do or forbear because it will be better for him to do so, because it will make him happier, because, in the opinion of others to do so would be wise, or even right. Every individual has a right to self- determination and enduring of autonomy forms part of that right and is protected by law (Hyland 2002). The principle of respect for autonomy forms a key component of nursing ethics (van Thiel and van Delden 2001). The nurse has an obligation to promote autonomy in the patient and work to invest the patient to make main(a) stopping points where possible (Hewitt 2002). The Human Rights Act (1988) alters individuals to take action against a health authority that has failed to uphold their right to respect (OPSI 1998).Proot et al. (2002) described a study conducted in 27 health care providers from three different nursing homes, who were interviewed about autonomy issues relating to stroke patients in rehabilitation and nurses perceptions of patient autonomy. Study findings showed that self determination, independence and self care were all associated with the process of patients regaining their autonomy. In Alastairs case, he was no longer independent and able to care for himself f ollowing his stroke, and had to rely on others for help with everyday activities. The nurse must therefore decide whether Alastair is competent of making a fully autonomous decision. If they believe this is not the case, they may be able to work with other members of the multidisciplinary care team to increase Alistairs autonomy and vest him to make the best choices regarding his care.Advocacy forms an integral part of a nurses role and is a mandatory activity within the ethical code of all professional nurses. Advocacy involves a professional responsibility to support the patients needs and wishes through energetic involvement in a process of analysis, counselling, responding, shielding and whistle blowing (Hyland 2002 Vaartio et al. 2006). There is a therefore a relationship among nurse advocacy and patient autonomy (Hyland 2002).If nurses are to demonstrate paternalism and/or empower patients to make decisions regarding their care, they themselves must be empowered, particula rly as nurses have increasingly greater accountability for their actions (Hewitt 2002 Christensen and Hewitt-Taylor 2006). The United Kingdom Central Council for nursing Midwifery and Health Visiting states that If the nurse does not feel that sufficient information has been given in terms readily understandable to the patient so as to enable him to make a truly conscious decision, it is for her to state this opinion and seek to have the situation remedied (UKCC 1989). It is also suggested that advocacy may place the nurse in situations of conflict, since there may be differences between nurses and doctors perceptions of autonomy at times (Mallik 2007). Supporting Alastairs wishes and his decisions regarding his care requires the nurse to possess knowledge of his condition and the likely consequences of discontinuing sermon. Through this empowerment, the nurse is ideally placed to educate and support Alistair in their role as advocate.Beneficence (doing good) is central to nursin g philosophy, but achieving a balance between this and non-maleficence (avoiding harm) can present a challenge for nurses and the two principles may be viewed as separate ends of one continuum (Bartter 2001). In Alistairs case, the nurse must consider the benefits and risks associated with treatment and with discontinuing treatment, and explain these to Alistair, thereby allowing him to make informed decisions. In situations where the patient is unable to make an autonomous decision, the nurse has a duty of beneficence to act in the patients best interests, while also respecting the patient as an individual. This would apply if Alistair was deemed not to be of sound oral sex and decisions regarding his treatment had to made by his care team.Veracity, or loyalty telling, is almost associated with informed decision making and is an important component of a trusting nurse-patient relationship. Veracity may present a dilemma for the nurse since there are times when telling the truth may cause harm to an individual (non-maleficence). Conversely there may be situations where telling a lie may actually do good (beneficence), although this goes against the principle of veracity (Ellis and Hartley 2003). The nurse has a duty to tell Alistair the truth about his condition and treatment to ensure that he is fully informed when making decisions regarding whether or not to continue with treatment/rehabilitation.Justice as fairness in nursing refers to the need for nurses to treat people equally, although this does not necessarily mean treating them in the same way (Staunton and Chiarella 2005). Nurses must acknowledge cultural, social and educational diversity and adopt appropriate strategies to achieve equal treatment for all patients. clinical governance demands the readiness of high-quality, patient-centred care and Alistairs individual situation and specific health needs must be taken into account by the nurse during his care.All nurses, including those practicing within the community, have a duty to book confidentiality, although it should be acknowledged that there may be certain situations where confidentiality may be breached (Dimond 2000). Confidentiality is regarded as a decisive component of good nursing care and reflects the professional responsibility of the nurse to respect a patients rights. The Data Protection Act 1998 also governs the protection of patients information (OPSI 1998). The nurse should therefore maintain Alistairs confidentiality unless there is good reason not to do so.Consent to treatment is central to the nurse-patient relationship and it is the patients decision alone as to whether they accept or reject treatment. As nurses stretch forth their scope of practice, issues surrounding patient try for to treatment are becoming increasingly important (Anon 1997). It is a principle of UK law that a competent vainglorious who has passes the Re C test may jib treatment even if his life depends on it (Dimond 2004). Th e Court of Appeal has stated that provided the patient has the necessary mental capacity (assessed in relation to the decision that has to me made), they can refuse to give consent with or without a reason for doing so.In UK law, the salute protects the right of the individual in this regard. This was illustrated in a case where the court regulatingd that It is established that the principle of self-determination requires that respect must be given to the wishes of the patient, so that, if an adult patient of sound opinion refuses, however unreasonably, to consent to treatment or care by which his life would or might be prolonged, the doctors responsible for his care must give effect to his wishes, eventhough they do not consider it to be in his best interests to do so (Airedale NHS Trust v Bland 1993 AC 789). More recently was a case in which a woman paralysed from the neck down refused treatment in order to end her life. The woman was assessed to be of sound mind. The Court of Appeal ruling allowed a ventilator keeping the woman alive to be switched off, re-enforcing the duty of the healthcare professional to respect the wishes of a competed patient (Re B v NHS Trust 2002). Client this case is similar to that of Alistair in that the patient was of sound mind and refused treatment. I was unable to find any cases relating to refusal of medical treatment in older adults of sound mind following strokeIn the case of Alistair, he initially was receiving medical treatment but took a later(prenominal) decision to refuse further treatment. An assessment should be made to determine whether Alistair is of sound mind and is capable of making informed decisions regarding his care. If he is indeed competent, the nurse should work to promote Alistairs autonomy through education and other methods, taking into account the ethical principles of beneficence and non-maleficence, veracity and justice, to ensure that he possesses enough knowledge to make the best decisions o n his care. At present, Alistairs health is reasonably good however, his decision not to continue with treatment and rehabilitation is likely to have a negative impact on his health and well-being in the longer term. Both of the case laws described above are relevant to the case of Alistair, since, should this case reach the Court of Appeal and he is assessed as competent, the judge is likely to rule that Alistairs wishes must be respected and his can continue to refuse treatment (based on the patient information provided in the scenario alone).ConclusionsThis paper has discussed the ethical, professional and legal issues relating to a specific patient case. It can be seen that these issues are inextricably linked and should all be taken into account in the provision of high-quality, patient-centred nursing care. In this case, self-determination, respecting the patients right to autonomy, and nurse advocacy are of particular importance, given that the patient is competent and capab le of making informed decisions regarding his care. Other ethical principles including beneficence, non-maleficence, veracity and justice also fly the coop a key role in nurses ethical decision-making.ReferencesAnon 1997, The legal and ethical implication of consent to nursing procedure, British Journal of Nursing, vol. 6., no. 15, pp. 8858.Airedale NHS Trust v Bland 1993 AC 789. Retrieved thirtieth November 2008 fromhttp//www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1992/5.htmlBartter, K. 2001, Ethical issues in advanced nursing practice, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford.Christensen, M. 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