The Fight between Christianity and Satanism :: essays research papers

The Fight mingled with Christianity and Satanism This is a combat between a slave world and a free world. Just as the United States in 1862 could non remain half slave and half free, so in 1942 the world must make its decision for a stop victory one way or the other.As we begin the final stages of this fight to the death between the free world and the slave world, it is worth while to refresh our minds about the defect of exemption for the common man. The idea of freedom the freedom that we in the United States know and love so well is derived from the Bible with its extraordinary emphasis on the dignity of the individual. Democracy is the only true policy-making expression of Christianity.The prophets of the Old Testament were the first to preach social justice. But that which was sensed by the prophets many centuries before Christ was not given complete and powerful political expression until our province was formed as a Federal Union a century and a half ago. Even then, t he march of the common mountain had just begun. Most of them did not yet know how to read and write. There were no public schools to which all children could go. Men and women can not be really free until they have plenty to eat, and time and ability to read and think and talk things over. Down the years, the people of the United States have move steadily forward in the practice of democracy. Through universal education, they now can read and write and form opinions of their own. They have learned, and are still learning, the ruse of production that is, how to make a living. They have learned, and are still learning, the art of self-government.If we were to measure freedom by standards of nutrition, education and self-government, we might rank the United States and current nations of Western Europe very high. But this would not be fair to other nations where education had become widespread only in the last 20 years. In many nations, a generation ago, nine out of ten of the peo ple could not read or write. Russia, for example, was changed from an illiterate to a literate nation within one generation and, in the process, Russias appreciation of freedom was enormously enhanced. In China, the increase during the past thirty years in the ability of the people to read and write has been matched by their increased interest in real liberty.

BMW Prototyping :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

BMW PrototypingIt is 1990 and BMW (Bavarian Motor Works), along with other European Luxury machine makers, is beginning to feel epoch-making market pressure from the new Japanese entrents into the traditionally European market of Sport/Luxury cars. With new Marques like Lexus, Infinity, and Acura, the large Japanese auto makers ar attacking the lucrative market of auto companies like Audi, Jaguar, Mercedes, and BMW. The new Japanese makes have been able to establish a market presence by oblation a lower price for the same level of content and by raising the bar on metrics like build quality and guest complaints per vehicle.BMW must act to counter the threat that these new makes pose to their market share. Top officials of BMW are meeting to set the future of the companys prototyping activities. The prototyping and return development process is one of many aspects that will need to change if the company is going to adapt to the new global Sport/Luxury car maketIn the post-wa r era, the Sport/Luxury car market had been dominated by the European auto makers. Up till now these auto makers have besides had to compete against each other. In this market BMWs strategy was well defined and successful. They built automobiles that were always on the leading edge of technology and offered a level of design refinement that was matched by only a few. This formula allowed them to command a price premium and, as the use up from North the States increased, BMW became very sucessfull. According to the Harvard case study, BMW production of automobiles increased from 150,000 cars in 1970 to over 500,000 cars in 1990.Technological content and level of refinement are the factors that drive the demand for BMW automobles in the marketplace. BMWs reputation for posessing a high level of technology reaches the potential buyer through the automotive press. Articles on the technical innovation of BMW automobiles and lambency reviews of new BMW products are the best form of advertising the company could posess. BMWs are purchased by enthusiasts and these enthusiasts read the automotive press. The new Japanese makes have been able to don some of the space in these publications from BMW by introducing new features and technology updates on a more continuous basis.BMW buyers also make their choice based on the level of refinement in these automobiles.

Shakespeares As You Like It - Importance of the Secondary Characters

As You Like It The Importance of the Secondary Characters As You Like It, by William Shakespeare, is a radiant blend of fantasy, romance, wit and humor. In this delightful romp, Rosalind stands show up as the most robust, multidimensional and lovable character, so much so that she tends to occult the other characters in an audiences memory, making them seem, by comparison, just stock prominent types. Yet, As You Like It is not a stock romance that just happens to have Shakespeares greatest female role. The other members of the cast provide a well-adjusted supporting role, and are not just stereotypes. Characters whom Shakespeare uses to illustrate his main theme of the variations of love are all more than one-use cardboards, as they must be richly drawn to relate to disembodied spirit. Those characters most easily accused of having a stock one-dimensionality are those inessential to the theme but important to the plot and effective as convenient foils, such as Duke Frederick and Oliver de Boys. The assertion of the question deserves this quote You have said but whether wisely or no, let the forest judge. in that respect is no doubt, either in the critical or play-going judgment, that Rosalind is the grandest of female roles (Hazlitt). She encompasses a multitude of character brushstrokes, from the love struck maiden to the witty arch spittle to the steel-backboned princess to the fiery Wise One (Hazlitt). To add to the demands of the character Shakespeare adds in an exterior sex change and further makes Ganymede pretend to be Rosalind to Orlando. Though this kind of male child acting a girl acting a boy acting a girl kind of transmogrifications were not uncommon upon the Elizabethan stage, the kind of mind and acting portrayed ... ...bits of character that are definitely not stock, as in Charles original concern for Orlando and Sir Martexts refusal to be made a fool of by Touchstone. These make them more than stock, but they are still as cardboard when compared to Rosalind. As You Like It contains as many characters as there are in life, but Rosalind is used as the vehicle for the Ideal. Her main supporting characters are full of life, and though not as much as Rosalind, it is still life for all of it. The less important characters have to be more one-sided to keep the plot uncluttered, but sometimes the one-dimensionality jars, as with Oliver. Rosalinds vibrancy would overshadow any other character, for to produce an Othello opposite her would create a conflict that this greatest of comedies does not need. Works CitedShakespeare, William. As You Like It. Bevington

Brontës Depiction of Women in Jane Eyre :: essays research papers

In Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bront uses the female characters to convey her views on Victorian conventions of womanhood. She does this initially by using first-person narrative to help us see the characters in their true form. In this demonstrate Im going to explain how Bront uses the character Jane as porthole for her own views and beliefs.During the period Jane Eyre was set, the 1840s, it was conventional that women were inferior to men and were non empower to their own opinions or independence of mind. Bront uses Blanche Ingram as an example of a typical woman of the time and the consequences of being so are shown throughout. Bront argues this view in her tell that ?conventionality is not morality,? this performer that what society may think is widely accepted and respectable, is not necessarily what is right, and she creates Jane Eyre as an example of a woman who believes well(p) this but who has, in the end, construct more successful than Blanche.Women in the 19th Century wer e expected to be beautiful and accomplished or they were nothing. Their decisions were made for them and their knead was in the home. Charlotte Bront thought this mean and believed that women should be admired for who they are, not what they look like. To highlight this point she uses the character Blanche Ingram, a young lady ?moulded like a Dian?. When reading of Blanche, we are not presented with a complimentary description, for although many other people may describe her as a beautiful, young and accomplished woman, we watch her description from the voice of Jane, who evidently tends to analyse people with a much deeper meaning than just their appearance, and although Jane does admit that Blanche is young and beautiful, she also describes her to be self-centred and unthinking towards others - including Mr. Rochester - to who she appears to show no emotion. This is perceptibly illustrated when Jane has been observing Blanche and notes that ?her laugh was satirical and so wa s the ordinary expression of her arched and haughty lip?. The choice of the word ?habitual? shows us that this sort of follow up is typical of her and that she often acts haughty and satirical. The reader immediately feels contempt for Blanche after this observation, as it portrays her to be arrogant and pretentious, especially as it was an action made towards Adele, who is a described to be a sweet young girl who Jane is fond of.Bronts Depiction of Women in Jane Eyre essays research papersIn Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bront uses the female characters to convey her views on Victorian conventions of womanhood. She does this initially by using first-person narrative to help us see the characters in their true form. In this essay Im going to explain how Bront uses the character Jane as porthole for her own views and beliefs.During the period Jane Eyre was set, the 1840s, it was conventional that women were inferior to men and were not entitled to their own opinions or freedom of mind. B ront uses Blanche Ingram as an example of a typical woman of the time and the consequences of being so are shown throughout. Bront argues this view in her preface that ?conventionality is not morality,? this means that what society may think is widely accepted and respectable, is not necessarily what is right, and she creates Jane Eyre as an example of a woman who believes just this but who has, in the end, become more successful than Blanche.Women in the 19th Century were expected to be beautiful and accomplished or they were nothing. Their decisions were made for them and their work was in the home. Charlotte Bront thought this immoral and believed that women should be admired for who they are, not what they look like. To highlight this point she uses the character Blanche Ingram, a young lady ?moulded like a Dian?. When reading of Blanche, we are not presented with a complimentary description, for although many other people may describe her as a beautiful, young and accomplished woman, we hear her description from the voice of Jane, who evidently tends to analyse people with a much deeper meaning than just their appearance, and although Jane does admit that Blanche is young and beautiful, she also describes her to be self-centred and inconsiderate towards others - including Mr. Rochester - to who she appears to show no emotion. This is noticeably illustrated when Jane has been observing Blanche and notes that ?her laugh was satirical and so was the habitual expression of her arched and haughty lip?. The choice of the word ?habitual? shows us that this sort of action is typical of her and that she often acts haughty and satirical. The reader immediately feels contempt for Blanche after this observation, as it portrays her to be arrogant and pretentious, especially as it was an action made towards Adele, who is a described to be a sweet young girl who Jane is fond of.

Illusion And Disillusion In He :: essays research papers

The Journey from Illusion to Disdeception in Hemingway&8217s Old Man and The SeaIn our world today we are constantly bombarded with messages of illusion and falsity, however the states in which people travel through their lives differ. Some people are suspended in a state of illusion for all their lives, solo realizing their potential on their deathbed. Others have their illusions stolen from them as a child and are brought up in a world without magic and fanciful ideas. For most, we discover this transit from illusion to disillusion at a time in our lives when we need it most. Quite simply, one cannot lead a happy and productive adult heart when one is oblivious to the truths of this world. This does not mean, however, that the perfect life is one free from illusions, hopes and dreams. Ideally through the process of disillusionment one will learn the splendour of their dreams and hold on to the ones that make them most productive. In Hemingway&8217s novel, The Old Man and The S ea, the main character capital of Chile needs this rite of passage to find and seal his destiny, and to truly understand and believe in himself. It is through this journey that he establishes limits and boundaries on the illusions he holds onto ritualistically, and yet opens himself up to the larger possibilities of life at the same time. He goes through very obvious and specific stages in his struggle, in a world of illusion, through the sacrifice and pain of the journey and into disillusionment. Santiago is a proud man, and the world of illusion which captivates him is the only thing that keeps him going, day after day. Sadly, Santiago does not truly have confidence in himself. He attributes much of his success and failure to luck &8220&8216Eighty-five is a lucky number,&8217 the old man said. &8216How would you like to see me bring one in that garmented out over a thousand pounds?&8217(Hemingway, 13). Santiago is so preoccupied by the idea of luck, and it seems to him that all his experiences are based on powers greater than his own. This seems to reduplicate Hemingway&8217s, own illusions, as Young explains, &8220... both Santiago and Hemingway were given to remarking &8216I am a strange old man.&8217 And both men were preoccupied with their &8216luck&8217 - a kind of magic which people have in them, or do not. Santiago must believe that he is unlucky, as this illusion allows him to expect fishing, continue failing.

Illusion And Disillusion In He :: essays research papers

The Journey from Illusion to Dis prank in Hemingway&8217s Old Man and The SeaIn our world today we argon constantly bombarded with messages of whoremonger and falsity, however the states in which people travel through their lives differ. Some people are suspended in a state of illusion for all their lives, only realizing their potential on their deathbed. Others have their illusions stolen from them as a child and are brought up in a world without magic and imaginary ideas. For most, we discover this passage from illusion to disillusion at a time in our lives when we need it most. Quite simply, unity cannot lead a happy and amentaceous adult life when one is oblivious to the truths of this world. This does not mean, however, that the perfect life is one free from illusions, hopes and dreams. Ideally through the process of disillusionment one go away learn the importance of their dreams and hold on to the ones that make them most productive. In Hemingway&8217s novel, The Old Man and The Sea, the main character Santiago needs this sacrament of passage to define and seal his destiny, and to truly understand and believe in himself. It is through this journey that he establishes limits and boundaries on the illusions he holds onto ritualistically, and yet opens himself up to the big possibilities of life at the same time. He goes through very obvious and specific stages in his struggle, in a world of illusion, through the sacrifice and fuss of the journey and into disillusionment. Santiago is a proud man, and the world of illusion which captivates him is the only thing that keeps him going, day after day. Sadly, Santiago does not truly have self-confidence in himself. He attributes much of his success and failure to luck &8220&8216Eighty-five is a lucky number,&8217 the old man said. &8216How would you like to see me bring one in that dressed out over a thousand pounds?&8217(Hemingway, 13). Santiago is so absent-minded by the idea of luck, and it seems to him that all his experiences are based on powers greater than his own. This seems to parallel Hemingway&8217s, own illusions, as Young explains, &8220... both Santiago and Hemingway were given to remarking &8216I am a strange old man.&8217 And both men were preoccupied with their &8216luck&8217 - a kind of magic which people have in them, or do not. Santiago must believe that he is unlucky, as this illusion allows him to continue fishing, continue failing.

Ancol Ltd. Study Essay

Ancol Ltd. chartered Paul Simard as the manager of their Jonquiere, Quebec plant. Simard observed that dealings were strained between centering and employees and, through and through information from a seminar he had attended, ordered the removal of cartridge clip clocks. This action brought an onset of negative consequences that ultimately led to a further diminishing of relations between the employees and counselling, accounting recurrences due to lack of accountability, and problems between the union and Ancol Ltd All of these issues decreased productivity in the factory.The problem stems from issues of cogency and conference. Essenti eithery, there should name been an unmannerly solution from the beginning. Simard did not countenance the insight to understand the situation he was placed in. The new(a) manager should fill tried to understand why relations between employees and management were strained in the first place. He indeed could move to understand the needs o f the management and useers to develop a solution that would advance the whole factory. Rather than instantly implementing the removal of time clocks that he had learnt from the seminar, Simard should arouse carefully analyzed the situation and what consequences this policy could have on the factory. Simard could have researched and inquired about much(prenominal) methods and perhaps learnt the consequences from the instance at the B.C. factory.Problem StatementThe central issue at the Jonquiere Ancol Ltd. plant was that Paul Simard, and his management team, lacked the insight and communication to discern a more holistic and open solution to the problem of strained relations between the management and employees. This led to an uneducated and rash termination to order the removal of time clocks from the factory that led to negative consequences. Employees began leaving early, showing for work ripe, and taking extended lunch breaks that created distrust and frustration among man agement and other employees. The management was ordered to observe the employees and reprimand those who abused their privileges and was not competent enough to raftle the task, which led to a great institutionalise for thesupervisors, and this made it extremely tight to foster trust between the management and employees. Consequently, the payroll department could not deduct pay for the amount of times employees were late due to a lack of accountability and therefore a letter of reprimand was placed in each employees file, which created even more work for the supervisors. Finally, due to the letters of reprimand, grievances were filed with the employees unions that fostered greater distrust and essentially productivity, energy, and integrity signifi housetly declined in the factory.AlternativesThe main issue revolved around the lack of communication and competency of the management at the beginning. Simard, and his rung, lacked the insight to effectively find a solution that woul d provide a holistic approach in solving the already plain strained relations between the supervisors and employees. At the onset of his work term, Simard should have sought to understand why there was a rift between the employees and management. If Ancol Ltd. were lock up in good terms with the previous manager, Simard could have communicated with him to obtain a better understanding. In understanding the underlying issue, Simard would be able to effectively rein in the problem without uncertainty and then, Simard should have effectively communicated with his management team and his employees to find a solution that would benefit two parties and foster productivity, integrity, and trust back into the factory. The modesty to finding a holistic approach is that it takes time and the right solution may not come into fruition. Furthermore, while a solution is being made, it heap be assumed that the relations are worsening. Furthermore, Simard should have seen that some of the iss ue arose from the fact that the supervisors lacked the interpersonal skills to communicate with the employees, which became apparent when the time clocks were removed. This was an obvious issue that Simard should have seen having a management team that did not think the decision to remove the time clocks was rash or unwise should have been a signal.Therefore, perhaps Simard could have trained the existing management, or replaced them with more competent staff to create a more insightful staff and a healthy work environment for the employees. The constraint to this alternative is that training or hiring new management is time consuming and costly, and trust would have to be fostered between the new hires. This policy would have positive consequences and would create more trust between the employees and workers. It is obvious that the removal of the time clocks led to more harm than good. Simard should have carefully analyzed the situation prior to making the decision that led to su ch folly. If he had done this, many of the issues would not have occurred and the factory could have taken a step forward. Furthermore, he should have carefully analyzed the method that he learned from the seminar and how it would affect the employees and the factorys productivity. Not all ideas that come from seminars pertain to every situation and any body change should be analyzed to predict the outcome in every functional area, such as the payroll department. If he had communicated with his higher-ranking management team and employees about the time clocks and its possible consequences, perhaps he would have found a better approach.Furthermore, if Simard had discussed the time clocks with other managers prior to implementing his policy, he would have learnt the consequences through the instance at the B.C. factory. Clearly, the issue and solution heavily depends on communication around the factory. It is difficult to see any negative consequences of this alternative, as the re moval of time clocks was a disastrous solution. A constraint to this alternative is that it can be assumed that Simard does not have a management team that can communicate well, and hiring and training is costly and time consuming. With regards to the issues that occurred after the removal of the time clocks, there were many alternatives that Simard could have implemented that would have decreased the damage done. Simard could have been more strict on how many times an employee could be late, lead early, or take an extended lunch break. Furthermore, Simard could have rewarded those who stay longer and later to incentivize those who consider abusing their privileges. These solutions have obvious pitfalls as the former only creates an adversarial environment and the latter relies on bribery rather than integrity and trust.ConclusionTo conclude, since the issues stem from a lack of insight and communication, the solutions should also pertain to areas of insight and communication.Essen tially, Ancol Ltd. could have hired a more competent manager for their Jonquiere plant. A competent manager would have created a more holistic and beneficial solution. Simard had not identified the root of the strained relations between the senior management and the employees. If he had communicated with the employees and management and previous manager in order to understand the issue at hand a much better solution could have been implemented. Also, a competent manager would have found that their management is lacking in crucial interpersonal skills that may have contributed to the issue. Simard should have conversed with the employees to learn about the existing management and terminate the supervisors who are not fit to lead. Although less costly, training the existing staff may not be the best option due to the fact that that the strained relations may be in part due to spirit traits. Simard should have attempted to understand the implications of removing the time clocks in th e factory.There were many alternatives that Simard could have attempted such as talking with his senior management team and employees, or communication with other managers at plants in order to understand the consequences of removing the time clocks. He would have found that it would have profound consequences in many functional areas of the factory and would derive a different solution. In regards to the order for the removal of time clocks, aside from reintroducing the time clocks earlier, it would be difficult for Simard to find solutions to the problem but rather Paul would be attempting Band-Aid solutions to the problems. Simard could have hired new supervisors or implemented a incentive based system but ultimately, this would have been avoided through more careful analysis and planning and therefore these should be rejected.ImplementationAt the beginning of Simards term, he should have immediately sought to identify the underlying issue regarding the strained relations between the employees and the senior management. First and foremost, if possible, Simard should have communicated with the previous manager. Next, Simard should have conducted depth discussions with his senior management and employees, together and separate. This will create an open and truthful dialogue between both parties and essentially, Simard would build a crucialrelationship with all staff. This regale will take approximately a month or two. Throughout this time, Simard should have conducted research into the consequences of the removal of all time clocks and would refrain from doing so. In the process of discovering these issues, Simard would have noticed that his supervisors lack crucial skills that are necessary for their positions and terminate/hire new management staff accordingly. Simard would then ensure that the new management has the appropriate skills to effectively communicate with the employees and him to create a more accountable working environment. This process would take another month. With his revamped management staff, Simard would then address the underlying problems found through involvement with both the supervisors and employees. In this process, a new relationship would be built between both parties and workplace productivity and happiness would increase. This process would be ongoing until the solution was found and implemented.

College Student Essay

As a student nurse, I was solveing in a student concession group, where we were to make a cast for a presentation on Breast Cancer. We had four persons in our group. On our concourse day, one of our group members did non come to our group meeting and she also did phone none of us. We were non able to finish our group work because we were missing her part of the project. We did not up to like a shot know whether she had started her part of the work or not. Our meeting without her part of the work was not productive and we decided to set up another meeting on another day. On next day I met her and asked if everything is beautiful with her and her family. She confirmed that everything was fine.My expectation was that she would transcend some explanations or would try to talk about what had happened. She did not show any interest in a further communication. Her behavior was surprising and the same time frustrating for me. I perceived that she was not a responsible person, becau se before our meeting she did not identify us. I also perceived that she did not value and take to be other people time. I snarl that she even ignored the importance of the group project and the work that she was spouse to cop. The conflict arose in our work group about her part of the work, and we were undecided whether we were to preclude on being silent or to start an indeterminate discussion about our concerns. Eventually, we did not do very well on our group project and then our group was disbanded when for the next project we had to choose new partners for the group.2. CommunicationDespite my scholarships about her, I decided to ask her if everything was fine with her family. She confirmed that her family was fine and then I kept a distance from her because I decided that she did not have a legitimate reason not come to the meeting and in fact this validated my perception that she was not responsible person and she did not value other people time. Because of her behavio r the conflict arose in our work group about her part of the work, and we were undecided whether we were to keep on being silent or to start an open discussion about our concerns.Eventually, we did not do very well on our group project and then our group was disbanded when for the next project we had to choose new partners for the group. Even when our group project was completed, I kept thinking about her behavior and I came to the conclusion that there could have been other reasons for her behavior that she never shared with any of us. I witness that the reason for the further events was the lack of communication between her and the group members. Now I regret that I failed the opportunity to fix the situation by an open communication, and create strong group solidarity. But I value this experience for the idea of importance of a communication to arm strong group solidarity.3. PossibilitiesI formed my perceptions about her having only limited information about her I did not know the real reason she had that day not to come to the meeting. As I knew that she had a large family with four children, and maybe one of her children was sick, so she had to stay at home with the sick child. As a mother, her babys wellness could be the priority for her. The other reason for her not to come to the meeting could have been an accident and maybe she did not have an opportunity to call us or to let us know about it. Finally, maybe one her close relatives had breast cancer and she was very sensitive to the work project, so she was not able to come and discus the topic with the group members. We never had an opportunity to know what exactly had happened to her since she never talked to us about the reasons for her behavior.4. InfluencesAnalyzing the event I can identify many assumptions on my part that influences my thoughts. There is another important factor about myself, which formed my perceptions. I have an experience in working with sick children and their parents and in this case I thought that the reason could be that her baby was sick, and as a mother for her the babys health is the most important thing for her. I am a very responsible person, and I respect people and their time. I am always premature for any meeting or group projects.I am also very careful with my study process, so this made me feel that she did not respect our group members time. In my cultural background it is very important if I promise or decide to do something in a group, and I am not able to go on with that, I must let my partners know. Another thing that made an influence on my perception was that I value other people time and I always let them know if I am late. The other reason could be that as an ESL student she had a hard time to complete the work. As an ESL student with some language barriers, I thought that she had a hard time to complete any work.5. Application of Learning to Nursing PracticeI think that perception checking can play a significant role in my pr ecise thinking and decision making process. Only open communication and accurate perception checking can help us to understand other people behavior. It is now my understanding is that I would have done better to discuss the issue with my group partner, and to address the conflict in an open way. Open communication would give me an opportunity to perform and improve my direct perception checking skills. Even somehow I had assay to discover the real reasons for my group partner behavior, my actions and skills were not plenty to understand her behavior, to have a whole picture of what happen, rather that make my assumptions.On my meeting with her on the next day somehow I tried to understand the possible reasons for her behavior. That was an example of indirect perception checking process, but not performed completely. I feel that I formed most part of my perceptions on my avow assumptions. For my further successful practice I have to learn more about perception checking process an d also improve my perception checking skills toward my successful nursing career. Nursing work is always a team work and in my further practice I also will use this experience to build team solidarity.

A Comparison of Special Education Philosophy, Policies an Dpractice Essay

The center of this study is to comp ar the upbringingal philosophies, policies,and practices between Malaysia and lacquer, with attentiveness to the grooming of children with supererogatory ineluctably. Malaysia and lacquer shit some common historical experiences in that both countries were involved in the Second World War, both were colonised and given independence by Anglo-American powers. geographic completelyy they atomic bet 18 both in Asia. A significant difference between the two countries is the homogenous nature of Japans population and the pluralistic multicultural, multi lingual, multi ethnicity and religions of Malaysia.Japan is a developed and industrialised terra firma whereas Malaysia is developing and targeting to be an industrialised one. Japans population of 127 million dwarfs Malaysias 29 million. It is needful to evidence the set up of other countries, discover the root of the problems and analyse their solutions so as to better understand ones own g entility transcription, subdue mistakes made and adopt suitable models accordingly. Hence, in this comparative study, an Asian country was chosen over an Anglo-American one, because Japan and Malaysia are both culturally group-oriented, power concentrated, run to be replicative and relationally holistic.As such it is probably easier to relate to contextually in matters relating to adapting globalised best practices in a culturally sensitive way. This paper seeks to look at the peculiar(prenominal) educational policies and philosophies of both countries, study their practises, identify key issues and challenges faced, and to discover possibilities for mutual exchange, growth and development. There has always been a personal interest in surplus education probably from parental influence and in any case from exposure to finicky people at a very young age.The increasing cognizance of excess study in Malaysia can undoubtedly be attri fur thered to regular reporting by the medi a and the escalating pervasiveness of information technology available to the masses. In recent age, limited facts of life has given to a greater extent attention to a wide range of breeding difficulties, including dyslexia, autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD, Aspergers syndrome and so on, with focus evenhandedly moving away from optical, hearing impairment and physical, mental impairments.This is probably because in most developing and developing countries, visual and hearing impairments father already comfortably-established special educational practices. For example, finicky schooldayss where unlike learning aids, such as sign language, Braille and magnified letters are used to accommo figure the students inform and learning needs. Some countries such as Japan and the United States of America (USA), have advanced to providing non only basic education but excessively pioneering third education for the visually and hearing impaired. Different forms of learning difficulties have emerged over the past 25 years and are probably still emerging.In the past, these special needs (learning difficulties) were all classified under mental retardation, but as discoveries continue to be made and learning difficulties are classified differently, statistics show that mental retardation worldwide has dropped considerably. As these conditions are discovered and look intoed, some theories about these conditions change and some evolve due to these theories be challenged or disproved and new theories existence proposed. For example there is a wide range of autism, from extremely-functioning to deeply autistic.Some children who were diagnosed as autistic ten years ago, are now discovered to have Aspergers disorder. unhinges along the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) continuum include autism, pervasive developmental disorder, Rett Syndrome (American Psychiatric Assocciation, 1995) and Aspergers disorder. Since ASD exists along a spectrum, interv ention especially communication intervention essential be highly individualized ( Schreibman, koegel, Charlop, & Egel, 1990), thus intervention-wise, a child with Aspergers Disorder is to be regarded quite differently from an autistic child.The field of special education has seen growth that has been unprecedented and it is likely to continue with more contemporary curricula, programmes, materials and resources evolving at a rapid rate, driven by a developmental theoretical perspective. In response to the increasing number of children diagnosed with special needs and especially that of learning difficulty, it is imperative that policies, philosophies and practice of special education need to be redefined, reviewed and refined to issue for the development and nurture of these children.Common special needs include challenges with learning, communication challenges, emotional and behavioral disorders, physical disabilities, and developmental disorders. There are many illustrious per sonalities who have special needs and disabilities but have excelled in sport, fine arts, physics and in the music and movie arena. Olympic swimmer Michael P serve wells made tale by breaking records and winning eight g of age(predicate) medals. He also inspired thousands by speaking candidly about having ADHD.His mother has also been very public about telling their story. Professor Stephen Hawking, a renowned Physicist, is a well-known example of a person with multiple neurone disease who has against all odds, succeeded in life. Hawking cannot walk, talk, breathe easy, swallow and has difficulty in holding up his head. He could have well been classified as mentally retarded and intemperately physically handicapped and discharged to a home of the Spastics, yet he defied his doctors prognosis of not surviving more than 21 years.Stevie esteem was born prematurely and as a result, he was never able to see. Wonder stands out as one of the most celebrated American musicians of all time . To his credit, he has won 26 Grammys and an Academy Award. This has earned him rightful standing in the Rock and Roll and Songwriters Halls of Fame. Phelps was told that he could never focus on anything, Hawking, that he wasnt an exceptional student and Wonder, that he could never make it in life.They are an inspiration to one and all, both stakeholders and non-stakeholders alike. On this line of merchandise let us look at Japan. JAPAN pic Figure1. 1 Map of Japan For many, the word Japan conjures up mystical Samurais, beautiful, graceful and demure kimono-clad geisha girls, sashimi (Japanese raw fish), beautiful spring apple-blossoms, ancient temples, lightning steadfast bullet trains, Toyotas and Hondas, even the Iron Chef competitions and the list goes on but education is certainly not an attend that fills your mind when you hear the word JapanJapan is an island country located in the peaceful ocean. Its an archipelago of over six thousand islands, the largest being Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku be for 97% of Japans land area. Japan is often referred to as the Land of the Rising Sun because the Japanese characters that make up Japans name, Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku means sun origin. Most of Japan s islands are mountainous and many are volcanic which is not surprising as Japan sits on the Pacific Ring of Fire.Mount Fuji is the highest mountain in Japan and an active volcano that last erupted in 170708. Japan has a population of 127 million people, ranks the tenth-largest populated country in the world. Tokyo is the capital of Japan with a population of 12 million. It is the Japans centre for husbandry and education and also the realms economic and industrial hub. The main language spoken is Japanese and most Japanese are of the Shinto-Buddhism faith.Since 1947, Japan has retained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected Prime Minister as head of administration, with an elected parliament called the Diet. It is a highl y industrialized, developed country and a major world economic power. Japan has the worlds second-largest economy and the third largest in purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth largest exporter and fifth largest importer. It is the only Asian country in the G8 and a current non-permanent member of the United Nations (UN) security council.According to both the UN and World wellness Organization (WHO) estimates, Japan has the highest life expectancy of any country in the world, and the third lowest infant mortality rate. floor of Education Japans education maybe conveniently divided into pre-World War II(WW),post WW II, and modern Japan. On the whole, pre-WWII education was controlled centrally by the government, the education philosophy was guided by the purple Rescript Education (1890), Japanese values and Confucian principles were taught and stressed by society.Primary education was available to all but alternate and tertiary studies were elitist and discriminato ry. This old system collapsed at the end of WWII and the United States Education burster (1946) introduced new ideas and structures into the Japanese system such as extending free but compulsory education from six to nine years, higher education became more non-elitist, social studies was emphasized above moral studies, school boards were locally elected as opposed to being appointed under the old system, and teachers unions were formed.In 1952, Japanese sovereignty was restored and many reforms reverted back to the old system school boards were by appointment, Japanese ideals moral studies were vex back into the curricula but the 6-3-3 structure intended at democratizing education remain until today The University Control Law (1969) and other reforms emerged in the 70s. Education in Contemporary Japan is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (known also as the Monbukagakusho or MEXT).Three tiers of administration attend to th e financial and supervisory educational services namely the field (MEXT0, Prefectural (upper tier) and municipal (lower tier). There are five takes of schooling in Japan Preschool which is free to all but not compulsory, Primary and Lower Secondary levels which are free and compulsory, and Upper Secondary and Higher Education which are neither free nor compulsory. The Fundamental Law of Education, the inform Education Law and the Social Education Law provide the philosophies, policies and practices throughout the nation.The Japanese value educational excellence at all levels and their education system is thought to be extremely prestigious. Japan is consistently ranked at the top internationally in both Maths and science by the TIMSS (Trends in Interntional Maths and Science Study). Japanese education helps build student motivation. Their philosophy emphasizes effort over ability hence in the Japanese classroom, everyone is taught the same concepts and students are engaged in hi gher-order thinking skills.Correct answers are withheld and students are presented with material such as puzzles and encouraged to think of as many ways as possible to solve the problem. Fast and slow learners are not separated and advanced students help the less able, cooperation, a sense of belonging and oneness are fostered. This attitude is particularly important when it comes to special children. surplus Education in Japan A brief history In 1878, the introductory special school for children with visual and hearing impairment was established in Kyoto.The first special class for children with intellectual disabilities was set up in 1890 in Matsumoto City, in Nagano Prefecture. To date Japan has 222 and 210 years of history respectively in the area of Special education, a figure to be proud of indeed. The number of special schools and special classes for children with confused kinds of disabilities increased favorably until around 1930, but thereafter the WWII devastated speci al education. At the end of the WWII, the external number of special schools for children with blindness and deafness was still more than 100, but most schools were burned by air raids.In the case of special classes, all were closed except one in Tokyo, at which the children were also moved to rural areas without schools, let alone special classes. Special education had to be reconstructed after the WWII based on the philosophy of democratic education, which was introduced by the educational policy the United States who was then the occupation army. In 1947 compulsory education for primary school and lower secondary schools was introduced.Special education was rapidly rebuilt beginning with visual and hearing impairments schools and classes, followed closely by schools for intellectual disability, physical and health impairment. The development of special education since the end of WWII maybe seen as (1) reading of special schools and special classes. 1947- 1979 (2) Movement of i ntegrated education 2000 (3) Development of special needs education. Present day The motto of the Special Needs Education dodge of Japan (SNES) Where children with disabilities learn is bold and apt. look at Figure 1.2, it is clear that special-needs children are given due consideration at all levels from pre-school right up to upper secondary school. Figure 1. 3 show that as the degree of disability goes from mild to severe, the children are correspondingly moved from regular classes with team-teaching, achievement-based teaching , slender-group classes, Special Support Service in resource rooms, to special classes and then on to Special Needs Schools. The four categories of special needs, the blind, the deaf, the intellectually disabled, the physically disabled and the health impaired in figure 1.4, show the ratio of children with multiple disabilities in Special Schools in elementary and lower secondary levels. Due to increasing number of students with multiple disabilities, there is a move away from of schools catering only for single disabilities for example the blind or deaf. Japan has a national course standards for children with disabilities called the Course of Study or Gakushyu-shido-yoryo for schools serving the blind ,the deaf, children with physical and mental disabilities and health impairments. It can be amended when necessary to tailor to specific needs for these children.Parents, school board members and or medical and social personel are consulted in order to determine which curriculum suits the child best, be it one to one teaching, small group teaching, individual teaching plans or inclusive integration onto regular classes. Even when there is profound disability, the child is eligible for education according to their needs. In some cases teachers visit homes or institutitions to provide home tutoring. In major hospitals classes are available for children necessitating hospital treatment. Only 0. 001% of children in Japan are allowed grip or exemption from school education.Teachers in Special education are required to have a license for special education in appendage to their basic teaching license. The NISE provides highly specialized prepare courses. Local Special Education Centers in prefectures offer programmes to upgrade or learn new skills. exemplar conferences and Teachers study-meetings are conducted at school level. The NISE conducts query such as nationwide surveys to assist in making future national policies with regard to special education. At prefecture level, inquiry and development schools and model schools are present throughout the country.Local Special Education Centers, Colleges and Universities conduct ongoing research on teaching methods to enhance Special Support Education. As part of the 2007 reform, the SNES aims to have schools for Special Needs Education where staff are competent in friendship and understanding on more than one disability, so that students with multiple disabilti es are be accepted and integrated into each local community. By mid 2010, Japan plans to launch their first graduate school for students with visual or aural impairments at the state-run Tsukuba University of Technology, their only University for the deaf.According to the university, it will be the worlds first graduate school for visually- impaired students and the third for hearing-impaired ones, following the footsteps of such schools as Gallaudet University in the United States, Masters degrees will be offered industrial technology for visually challenged students and health science courses for hearing-impaired students. Academia is possible to all, those with special needs and those without, unless there is brain injury and the cognitive abilities are damaged. As the adage goes There is no learning disability only teacher inability.MALAYSIApic Map of peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia (Malaysian Borneo)Fig 1. 2 Malaysia, is made up of west Malaysia (peninsular Malaya) and E ast Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak states) in nothern Bourneo. It is a land of beauty in its diversity, located in the heart of South East Asia, see figure 1. 2 which had for centuries attracted merchants and traders plying the ancient, remunerative spice and silk route between India and China. It is therefore no surprise that Chinese, Indian and Malays are the major contributors to Malaysias rich and vibrant cultural heritage, together with the natal people.Malaysia is a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural, multi lingual and multi-religious society, known for their warm hospitality, interesting and delicious variety of food and a delightful fusion of cultures making Malaysians attractive and unique. Bahasa Malaysia is the official language, but English is taught as a second language and many Malaysians are tri lingual proficient in their mother tongue, in Malay and in English. Malaysia is well endowed in raw(a) resources such as minerals, mainly tin and petroleum agriculture and forestry. It is one of the worlds top exporters of natural rubber, palm oil, sawn timber, coca plant and pepper. Malaysia boasts of rich biodiversity and a wide habitat range, in the Gunung Mulu National Park, and in the Mount Kinabalu district of Sabah. Both have been marked as World inheritance Sites. In 2009 two interesting and historical townships, Malacca and Penang were also given World Heritage status. Today Malaysia is an independent nation state with a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Kuala Lumpur is the largest city and the capital of Malaysia. It is also the main financial and commercial centre of the country.Malaysia is recognized as an emerging industrialized country with a gross domestic product per capita PPP ranking at 48th in the world and second in South East Asia. For the past 20 years, Malaysia has been on a fast track development drive with measurable physical and economic success. Unfortunately, services and facilities enabling tangible inclusion of People with Dis abilities (PWDs) into their communities were not developed in tandem, resulting in Malaysians with Disabilities excluded from enjoying a barrier-free environment and normal enriching independent lifestyle.There is a pressing need to firstly look at the education commitments of Malaysia to the children with disabilities so that indeed the explosive charge of the Ministry of Education To develop a world-class quality education system which will realise the full potential of the individual and fulfil the aspiration of the Malaysian nation can achieved, and to reach their objectives stated below To produce loyal and united Malaysians. To produce happy, well mannered individuals who have faith, knowledge and vision. To prepare the nation? s human resource for its developmental needs. To provide educational opportunities for all Malaysians.HISTORY OF EDUCATION Pre WWII, secular schools were mainly an innovation of the British colonial government, and English-Language schools were c onsidered prestigious at that time. Post WWII, education was mainly aimed to feed the needs of the colonial government though the Malay, Chinese and Indian communities fought hard for their mother tongue to be used as a medium of instruction. Post independence (1957) in accordance to the national language policy, the government began to change English-medium primary and secondary national-type schools into Malay-medium national schools.In 1970, the language change was made gradually starting from the first year in primary school, was completed by the end of 1982. Malaysias public opinion that (NEP),New Economic Policy 1960-1970, the National Development Policy,1071-1990, The first to ninth Malaysia Plan, 1991-2010, ensure adequate funds to the Education sector for the development of the nations human resource and capital. It is through this course of action that the Malaysian Education system succeeds in responding to the issues of access, equity, quality and effectiveness of educa tion for all Malaysians in a 6-3-2 structure.Education in Malaysia is overseen by two government ministries the Ministry of Education for matters up to the secondary level, and the Ministry of Higher Education for tertiary education. Each state has an Education Department to help coordinate educational matters in their respective states, although education is the responsibility of the federal government. The Education Act of 1996 is the main legislation governing education which designates six years of primary education as compulsory. Pre-school is preferenceal and most pre-schools are for profit and privately run.Five years of secondary schooling is not compulsory. For their pre-university studies, students have an option of doing two years of Form six or the Matriculation. Free education is provided from Primary one right up to Form six. A Brief History of Special Education Jabatan Pendidikan Khas (JPK) or the Department of Special Education, from being just a unit in the Educati on Department was established as a Department in its own right in 1995. It plays a major role in curricula planning and implementing the quality of special education programmes in both the primary and secondary schools in Malaysia.However the programmes for the deaf have a much longer history, the first residential school for the deaf was established in 1954. Interest towards Special Education in Malaysia began in 1920s among volunteers who were involved in the opening of schools for the hearing and visual impaired. The Cabinet Committee Report that analyse the Implementation of Education Policy through the Recommendatory 169 was the beginning of a clearer focus and emphasis on the development of Special Education in Malaysia.The recommendatory says that With the awareness that the government should be responsible towards theeducation of disabled children, it should then take over all the responsibilities from the organizations handling it currently. Moreover, the involvement of vo lunteers in developing the education for disabled children is encouraged. surplus EDUCATION PHILOSOPHY.The MoE Philosophy for Special Education states that Education is given to develop the students physically, emotionally, spiritually and intellectually so that students can be educated to the highest possible level to enable them to obtain employment and live independently. Programmes are based on the following policies Education Act 1996, Chapter 8. Education Act (Amendment) Act 2002. Education Regulations (Special Education) in 1997. Policy Committee decision, the Ministry of Education Education Planning Committee (SRC), Meeting Management Ministry of Education, Centre for Curriculum Committee (DFA) and Department of Management Meeting Special Education. International Declarations United Nations World Programme of Action concerning Disabled Persons (1983). The Worlds Declaration on Education for All (1990). The United Nations Standard Rules on the Equalisation of Opportun ities for Persons With Disabilities (1993). The Framework for Action on Special Needs Education (Salamanca Statement) in 1994. Biwako Millennium Framework for Action Towards an Inclusive Barrier-Free and Rights-Based Society for Persons with Disabilities in Asia and the Pacific (2002). Three ministries service children with disabilities. They are, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development (WFCD) and the Ministry of Education, but education for these children are only under the auspices of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of WFCD.The Ministry of Education provides educational services for students with special needs who have visual and hearing impairment, learning difficulties, and those needing special remedial help. Learning disorders are categorized as follows Downs Syndrome Mild autism Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Mild Mental Impairment and Specific learning disabilities (eg. Dyslexia). The Ministry of WFCD provide s services for children with the following problems severe physical disability moderate and severe mental retardation mixed other defects such as and defects that do not allow the children to learn in schools provided by the Ministry of Education. Special Education Departments Vision and Mission JPKs vision statement is Quality Education Generates Excellence Among Students with Special Educational Needs in line with the National Education System, with the committal to develop excellent special needs human capital based on a holistic, relevant and quality education system so that there is Optimum development the individuals potential Ability to compete and be marketable. Moral values as a responsible citizen Smart partnerships with various parties The Special Education services provided by the Department of Education are Special schools for pupils with visual and hearing impaired and learning (secondary). Special Education desegregation Programs for students with special n eeds and learning disabilities, impaired hearing and sight impaired. The program is available in non-residential, normal primary and secondary schools as well as in Technical/Vocational training (secondary) schools which adopt withdrawal or semi-inclusive approach.Programmes such as the Special Education Integration Programme and the Special renewal Programmes are fully administered at state levels by the State Education Department, whereas the Integration of Special Education Programs in Technical and Vocational Education is administered by the Department of Technical Education. The Malaysian Education for All Mid-Decade Assessment Report 2000-2007 states that one of the strategies is to expand preschool places for children with special needs from 32 integration classes to 100 classrooms in order to integrate children aged 5-6 with single disability, usually the learning disabled.Expansion necessitates therefore training the necessary preschool teachers and teacher assistants and a lso the proviso to amend the Special Education Regulations Act 1997 to accept students with two disabilities. UNICEF, working together with the Ministry of Healths Development Division (MHDD) devised a standardised screening tool in 2006 to improve the early detection of autism amongst toddlers so that early intervention can be instituted.Issues with Sexual and reproductive health for children with special needs are also looked into, in response and recognition of their high risk of sexual abuse and exploitation, because it directly impacts their learning and overall development. ANALYSIS Japan as a confidential information economic power and highly industrialised country and Malaysia as a developing and emerging industrialised one, have commonalities in that were both affected deeply by WWII, and both were dominated by a foreign power, so it is interesting to see each country recovered, rebuilt and developed post-war and how Special education has evolved since then.Looking at the philosophy with regard to Special Education mentioned earlier on, both Japan and Malaysia are very similar in that both are highly commendable, comprehensive and impressive, subscribing also to many international special-education charters such as The United Nations Standard Rules on the Equalisation of Opportunities for Persons With Disabilities (1993). Mission and Vision of JPK MalaysiaMission and Vision of the NISEJapan The burster of our institute as the National Institute of JPKs vision statement is Quality Education Generates Excellence Special Needs Education is to contribute to alter the Among Students with Special Educational Needs in line with quality of education for children with disabilities and to the National Education System, with the mission to develop excellentmake educational provision to meet individual educational special needs human capital based on a holistic, relevant and qualityneeds.We aim to do this by working with the national and education system so that there is government organizations. Our vision is - Optimum development the individuals potential query Activities that contribute to National - Ability to compete and be marketable Administrative Needs - Moral values as a responsible citizen -To undertake research that contributes to the formulation - Smart partnerships with various parties of National Policy for Children. - Providing education opportunities and facilities for students Practical Research that contributes to Education with special educational needs. - To undertake advanced and practical research that - Providing relevant education to every student with special contributes to education educational needs. Specialized Programs for Teacher Training - Providing opportunity for students with special educational needs - reserve systematic and special training for the school to develop their talent and potential.staff who plays the role of leadership in special needs - Providing sufficient and up-to-date teaching and learning education from local public organization and support them. material. Training Programs that Respond to New Challenges - Ensuring sufficient trained teachers in special education. - To implement training program for the major issue of National Policy and/or urgent issue at educational site - Planning and managing all primary and secondary special schools. flexibly and promptly. - Planning and coordinating all special schools integration program. Counseling and Consultation that Provide Activities that - Planning, coordinating and evaluating policies and regulations, toSupports Local Public Organizations ensure education is well-balanced, to help, service and support - To conduct consultation and provide the information for students with special educational needs and implement the special counseling and consultation to the organizations. education vocational policy.Provide Information for Special Needs Education - Planning curriculum, activities and sp ecial education affairs. -To collect, analyze, arrange and make database of the - Providing special education planning, research and evaluation. information on special needs education from domestic and - Providing training plan and staff development and overseas and provide comprehensive information to teaching - Coordinating Special Remedial Education Program. site. Cooperation and Partnership with Universities and Organizations in Domestic and Overseas. - to collaborate and cooperate with universities and organizations locally and abroad through seminars, to research, analyze and evaluate the issues, and to share our practical research results in special needs education. One difference in their philosophy is that when it comes to learning, the Japanese put value and emphasis in effort over that of natural ability, resulting in primary school students being taught in classes that have not been streamlined into good, average or poor students, whereas stream lining stud ents according to their faculty member performance is practiced by Malaysia and many other countries.It follows then that, if effort is put into the education of a special-needs child, the child can reach its full potential given all the necessary support. This attitude has given Japan an advantage of having an over 200 year history in educating people with special needs, which began with addressing the visual and hearing impaired. The Japanese School Education Law places special education firmly within the framework of the total education system by emphasise that it is not separate from ordinary education. Japanese special education now officially recognizes seven categories of disability the blind and partially sighted, deaf and har.

Speech Plan

Beto Arellano Comm 3 Informative Speech Plan Title Hip-hop Abs Specific Speech Purpose To inform my Comm. 3 audience on how to hit abs with the hip-hop abs program Statement There are three steps for a basic hip hop abs workout. Introduction I. Attention Step The abdomen, sometimes called the belly, stomach, or tummy, is the part of the torso between the chest and pelvis.The benefits of having strong abdominal muscles include helping a person breathe better and better mold that results in less back pain, help a person avoid injury when performing tasks that put stress on the back and torso, and helping the body to heal faster after an injury or surgery to the spine. II. Clarification Step That explains why we have to maintain our abs for a better and healthier life. encounter everyone to Betos Guide to Shaun Ts Hip Hop Abs Today, I am going to teach you how to achieve great abs using Shaun Ts Hip Hop Abs Program, and have fun spell doing itBody I. First, you must get the proper materials for the work out A. You must wear the proper clothes 1. Wear comfortable clothes (shirt, shorts/ jog pants) 2. Wear rubber shoes B. You must prepare the needed materials 1. Bring water and a towel 2. Bring appropriate music for the workout II. Second, you must attain the proper form for the workout A. You must Tilt 1. Tilt your body forward 2. Take your shoulders over B. You must Tuck 1. Tuck your hips to a lower place 2. Sit on a chair C. You must Tighten 1. Squeeze your abs 2. Exhale while you squeeze III.Lastly, you must learn the basic steps A. Do the basic bounce B. Bring your hands up and step side to side C. Bring your knees up alternately D. Bend your knees and get low completion Summary Step Now that you know how easy and fun the Hip Hop Abs program is, you can now maintain your abs anywhere like at home, at the office, in the kitchen, in the shower, and at the zoo, but not anytime, only when no one else is looking. Sources http//www. ehow. com/about_4565354_ab dominal-muscles. htmlixzz2MaOxmjms http//www. beachbody. com/product/fitness_programs/hip_hop_abs. do

Logical Arguments for and Against Laws Against Using Cell Phones While Driving

With more and more people utilise prison carrelular phones, a virgin debate has surfaced. Should in that respect be laws against using booth phones fleck driving? The statistics about distracted driving, which includes any type of distraction, show that distracted driving causes accidents. According to the linked States Department of Transportation, 5,747 people were killed because of driving distractions and about 448,000 were injured in 2009 alone (1) Using a carrell phone is just another way that driver atomic number 18 distracted. The debate rages onshould thither be a specific law against using cellular phone phones while driving.Some states are passing laws specifically for inexperienced drivers, just as they restrict the time inexperienced drivers are allowed to drive. For our purposed, however, we will look at the debate over whether or not there should be a law banning ordinary cell phone usage. This is a very sensitive subject, just aboutly because both sid es present virtually system of logical arguments, but a variety of fallacies can be found on both sides of this hot issue. This entire debate is nothing new. Distracted driving has been a hot government issue since 1905, and there were no cell phones back then.The big advancement in technology then was windshield wiper blades. They were thought to be hypnotic, and distract drivers. (AAA). From there it went to the radio in the 1930s. present in the 21st century, weve landed on cellular phones. Same debate, different details. When it comes to give free cell phone usage while driving, both sides father scientific studies and statistics to back up their cases. According to a study funded by AAA Foundation for Traffic safety, using a hands free twisting holds approximately the same distraction as tuning the radio (AAA).However, there are alike reports that having a conversation while driving with a hands free braid is much more risky than having a conversation with somebody who is also in the car with you (Dewar 327). A recent study showed that moreover 2% of people can safely multi task while driving. This was compared to the same amount of people who would make good fighter pilots (Cruz, pg 1). This quote from Matt Duffy shows how some opponents to a law feel. I will vow to be careful while on the phone and to use a headset or speakerphone whenever possible so that I can keep both hands on the wheel.But, I wont take the vow to quit using the phone in the car. (Duffy) The vow that Mr. Duffy is speaking of refers to a campaign by Oprah Winfrey. She has heavily campaigned for a law against using a phone without a hands free device and laws against texting while driving. In a press release, she stated My biggest hope for the No telephone Zone campaign is that it becomes mandatory that no one uses their phone in the car or texts while drivingjust as seat belts are mandatory, just as driving while drunk is considered absolutely taboo, Im hoping that this becomes not just law, but second nature for all of us (Harpo).We can look at Oprahs statement as an Argument by Analogy. Her logic says that because we have driving laws about not wearing seatbelts and driving drunk, which are both dangerous activities, we should also have a law about using cell phones while driving, another dangerous activity. Opponents pose some interesting questions, though. As previously stated, there are other activities that distract drivers. Dealing with children in the car, changing the radio station, and eating are just a few. According to the NHTSA, of all 2009 fatalities that were caused by distracted driving, approximately 20% involved a cell phone (pg 8).So, they bring up laws against other distractions. Should there also be laws against these distractions, because they are just as, if not more, dangerous? (Johnstone) If we used Oprahs argument by analogy, if these activities did cause just as many accidents as cell phones, she would have to back laws against these things, also. But this also presents the slippery slope fallacy presented by opponents. They are saying that if cell phones are banned while driving, we wont be able to do anything that could be distracting while driving. (Kids?They would just have to walk). Opponents also show that, unlike eating in the car, cell phone usage can actually help with safety. For example, if people call to say they are cut late, they may not speed. Accidents and dangers on the road can be reported more quickly (Debate). Another area of debate is enforcement. Already we are seeing that enforcement just doesnt seem to be working very well. In areas with laws against texting, it is just difficult to catch somebody. Supporters of a law believe that new laws can be enforced, just as laws about using eatbelts and child safety seats were eventually enforced. (Reinberg). In the United Kingdom, where using a cell phone while driving is already illegal, of 2,000 people only 3% said that they have ever been caught on the phone while driving. Many motorists are investing in car kits and hands free devices.The penalty in England for breaking this law is up to two years in jail. In the United States, for the few states that have laws, fines range from $50 to $600, with possible suspension of your drivers license. (Johnson) One opponent of cell phone laws offered this suggestion I think instead the penalties for cause an accident while driving distracted need to be stiffened. Perhaps the loss of the license for a few years for causing an accident while texting behind the wheel would be more of a deterrent than the threat of a ticket that probably wont happen. (Alternative) Opponents of a new law against cell phones repeatedly say that there is already a law against driving recklessly. That two percent of people who can multi-task, should they be pulled over if they are safely driving? What about the almighty dollar?Proponents of a cell phone law state how this would raise money for states, save in medical cost and all other costs caused by car accidents (Cell Phone Ban). Opponents say that it would COST more money, tying up the court system, and there would be costs involved in changing cell phone plans (less minutes would be used). Each side has their own statistics and research to back up their positions. Its a classic case of stacked evidence. Each side is only presenting information that helps their case, and none that might hurt their case.Although states have the authority to modulate the actions of drivers (Debate), it has been shown that it might be more effective to have insurance companies and other markets try to regulate the usage of cell phones while driving. Insurance companies could missionary post a higher premium for cell phone users. With advancing technology, this may indeed be possible. Recently there was an iPhone app released that gives reward points for not using a phone in a car. It can detect if the phone is moving more than 5 m iles per hour (Svensson). The real issue at the heart of this topic is about how much control the government should have over our time. In a perfect world, people would not take risks while they are driving. If a person couldnt talk while driving, if it hindered their ability to drive, they just wouldnt talk while driving. Because this debate is truly about governmental control, it will most likely continue for a very long time.WORKS CITED AAA. On the Road Distracted Driving. AAA Exchange. AAA. n. d. Web. 19 October 2009. An Alternative to Laws Against Texting While Driving? opposingviews. om. Opposing Views, Inc. 21 April 2010. Web. 5 Oct 2010. Cell Phone Ban Would Save Money, Research Shows. Cbc. ca. CBC. 29 Sept 2010. Web. 19 Oct 2010. Cruz, Gilbert with Kristi Oloffson. Distracted Driving Should Talking, Texting Be Banned? Time. com. Time, Inc. 24 Aug 2009. Web. 2 October 2010. Debate Banning Cell Phones in Cars. Debatepedia. International Debate Education Association. 11 J une 2010. Web. 5 Oct 2010. Dewar, Robert E, Paul Erson and Gerson Alexander. Human Factors In Traffic Safety. Tuscon, AZ. Lawyers & judge Publishing Company, Inc. 002. Google Books. Duffy, Matt. I Wont Take the Oprah Pledge Against Cell Phones While Driving. Mattjduffy. com. 29 Jan 2010. Web. 9 Oct 2010. Harpo, Inc. The Oprah Winfrey Show Hosts No Phone Zone solar day Friday, April 30. Oprah. com. Harpo, Inc. 29 April 2010. Web. 3 October 2010. Johnson, Geoff with Leigh Montgomery. 9 States Ban Cell Phone Use While Driving. Is Yours On The List? csmonitor. com. The Christian Science Monitor. 23 Sept 2010. Web. 19 Oct 2010. Johnstone, Michael. What Kind of Laws are Reasonable for Driving While Talking on the Phone? InsightCommunity. com. Floor 64. 19 Mar 2008. Web. 3 October 2010. Reinberg, Steven. Nationwide Cell Phone Ban for Drivers Urged. Washingtonpost. com. The Washington Post Company. 12 Jan 2009. Web. 4 October 2010. Svensson, Peter. Phone App Fights Distracted Driving W ith Rewards. Yahoo News. The Associated Press. 13 Oct 2010. Web. 19 Oct 2010. US Department of Transportation. National street Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Facts Distracted Driving 2009. Washington, DC NHTSAs National Center for Statistics and Analysis. 2010. web pdf.

Farmhand by James Baxter Essay

This poem was written by James Baxter who was born and lived in New Zealand. He was brought up in a farm in a quiet and bleak south east corner of New Zealand.The poem is about a farmhand who is portrayed to be a very ambivalent character. He is unhappy and rather faint-hearted in certain situations and extremely positive and gloriously happy in others.Some old wounds a past exist or probably the secret night which has witnessed some deep dark individualized experiencesrelate to his emotions and melancholy. However all his sadness is vanquished once on the farm where he feels like a king.In the first two stanzas the poet describes the Farmhand as he stands outside the dancing floor.The first stanza tries to give the impression from his gestures that he is a careless person not interested in what is going round him the way he is smoking and joking with his friends. But as the poet helps us observe him closer and find him Looking out into the secret night and eternally his eyes turning to the dance floor and the girls we realize that the farmhand is not as he appears to be.It is obvious that he desires and longs to be inside but something is place him back. Describing girls as drifting like flowers shows how he is able to appreciate their beauty and grace inspite of his work and natural settings being devoid of them.Music is personified to show effect. Baxter says the symphony is so emotive that the music tears slowly in his mind an old wound open reveals that he has had an unpleasant sad emotional experience and the deep wound has not yet healed.Painful memories may be still fresh and sur pillow slip upon watching the girls dance on the floors or perceive to the music or even gazing at the dark night, which shares his secret and sorrow.The reader feels very sympathetic towards the farmhand in the second stanza when the poet writes, His red sunburnt face and short-haired hands were not made for dancing or love -making. The description of his bodily fe atures convey he is unappealing to the girls of upper social folk and not fit to indulge in dancing and socializing or love making which is privilege of the elite and handsome.The farmhand is engaged in an occupation, which benefits and is a necessity to all mankind. Yet his sacrifice and selfless attitude to his work is not appreciated and he feels inhibited and diffident to mix with girls because of his external display and social standing. He is categorized as only fit for earth wave breaking and for using the ploughThe crops are described as slow-growing as his mind. This simile maybe interpreted as slow to reveal his emotions and express his thoughts and feelings and may possibly be the reason he is yet to have a bun in the oven a girlfriend or wife.The fourth stanza talks of the farmhands loneliness and vacuum he experiences in life. He longs for mortal to love and someone who loves and cares for him. Like other people of his age and he yearns to have someone to walk with, to laugh and share life with.He has his hopes and dreams but he feels because of his hairy hands and sunburnt face he may only be able to weave or yarn dreams but they may never induce a reality.Here again the reader is moved, as life has been so harsh to the farmhand because of the nature of his job that he is now even diffident and embarrassed to dream and hope.In the last stanza the poet tells us that the Farmhand is in his domain The Farm and once in his natural element he is confident and comfortable. His looks dont affect him and his low self-esteem is vanquished.The sound of the tractor engine is music to his ears one which energizes him, not which makes him nostalgic and sad.His hairy hands, which seemed clumsy around gossamer girls on the dance floor, are perfect for his job he carries out effortlessly.The poet uses the exclamationAh as an exclamation of admiration towards the farmer and how perfectly he fits his habit and jobIt is touching to note that the persona has not been given a name and is referred throughout as Farmhand gives the impression that he has no ain identity and is known and recognized by his job around which his life revolves. He lives for his job.

Body Mass of Earthworms Essay

Earthworms play an important role in the turnover of organic matter in footing and maintaining a good soil structure (Lavelle, 1988). Physical properties in soils improved by earthworms include improved aggregation, stability, and porosity. The soil biological and chemical properties of soils that whitethorn be modified include nutrient cycling (mainly nitrogen and phosphorus), organic matter decomposition rates, and chemical forms of nutrients in soil and their availability to plants. They also interchange the soil pH, organic matter dynamics in terms of quality and quantity, microbial and invertebrate occupation, and diversity of the microflora and fauna (Lavelle et al., 1998). Therefore, they ar essential for plant exploitation especially in an extensive agricultural system, such as organic farming, which is based on nutrient release from turnover of organic matter.Earthworms can also be used as a source of protein for animal feed which had been reported to increase the gro wth of fish, chicken and piglets (Guerro, 1983 Jin-you et al., 1982 Edwards and Niederer, 1988). The mean amounts of essential amino acids preserve in earthworms are found to be very adequate for a good animal feed. Moreover, earthworm tissues contain a preponderance of long-chain fatty acids, many a(prenominal) of which cannot be synthesized by non-ruminant animals and an adequate mineral content (Edwards and Niederer, 1988). Recently, the enzymes derived by the earthworms, lumbrokinase or earthworm fibrinolytic enzymes (EFE) which has anticoagulant (blood thinner) property is extensively being used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Following these valuable application of earthworms, the management of earthworm communities provides a promising field for innovation in agricultural practises.There are many factors affecting the growth and body mass of earthworms that need to be considered during cultivation of earthworms. The soil wet obviously has an effect on the growth and activity of earthworms. Earthworms bear wet through their cuticles, so they are very dependent on soil moisture. When soil moisture is optimum, earthworms increase in mass and in their activity if food sources are available (Lee, 1985 Edwards and Bohlen, 1996). Another important factor is the additions of organic matter in the form of farmyard manure which have been found to increase earthworm populations under favourable soil conditions (Lofs-Holmin, 1983a Hansen, 1996).Several studies found that the mass of earthworms were the highest in manured soil compared to unfertilized and mineral fertilized soils (Hansen and Engelstad,1999 Marhan and Scheu, 2005). The purpose of this study is therefore, was to identify the optimum soil moisture and level of fertilizer that can be used to increase the body mass of earthworms, Pheretima sp. during cultivation. The worms of the genus Pheretima are indigenous to Southeast Asia (Edwards and Lofty, 1972), and widely distributed in tropic r ainforests with strongly acid soils. There were two treatments being tested in this test. In the moisture content treatments, four different levels of moisture level in soil were compared. As for the fertilizer treatment, the goat manure was added at two different levels and was compared with an unfertilized control.AimThe aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of moisture content and fertilizers on the body mass of earthworms, Pheretima sp. under laboratory conditions. Any observed difference in body mass may then repoint the optimum soil moisture and fertilizer content which can improve the mass rearing of this species for commercial use. Materials and MethodsStudy siteThe study was carried out in the Animal House which is located at Level 8 of Building 3, Monash University, Sunway Campus commencing from 19th April 2010 to 10th May 2010 (22 days). The rearing conditions for Pheretima sp during the study consisted of containers (paper cup) held in continuous sinfu lness at room temperature (25oC).Experimental designThe earthworms, Pheretima sp. were obtained from a shop in Klang Valley. Each test container (paper cup) was inoculated with a sample size of five worms (n=5). Before the experiment commences, the initial body mass (Mi) of the worms in each containers was weighed using an analytical balance. Then, each container was added with 500 g of clay-brown soil which was obtained from the Green House of Monash University. Treatments used in this experiment are combinations of two factors, the level of fertilizer application and water application.The treatments were within a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 replications. All replications of treatments are assigned completely at random to independent experimental subjects. The relationship between three different levels of fertilizer treatment and four different levels of moisture treatment as they relate to the changes in the body mass of earthworms was examined with a split-plot facto rial ANOVA, where fertilizer was a between group factor, and moisture content was a within group factor. This resulted in 12 (4 treatment level x 3 replicates) moisture containers in each (three) groups of different level of fertilizer, which made a total of 36 experimental units.

Banking Concepts and Practices

XITE, Gamharia intrusting Concepts & Practice Paper 11 Elective II, Academic seance 2011-12 1. Evolution of desireing jargon-Meaning, Definition, Features & Classification, Concept of Different Types of avering System, Overview of Indian Banking System 2. propertymaking(prenominal) Bank Basic Concept of Commercial desire, Role of Commercial vernacular in Financial System, Credit Control by primeval Bank 3. Central Bank Meaning, Functions, Methods of Credit Control 4. M whizztary Policy Meaning, Objectives and Instruments 5. node Relationship Definition, Features of Contractual Customer Relation, Customer Orientation, Retail Banking 6. E-Banking Concept, ATM, Core Banking, Virtual Banking, Electronic Payment System Reference Books 1. Banking Law and Practice- P. N. Varshney 2. Indian Banking- P. Parameswaran & S. Natarajan 3. silver, Banking & Inter solid groundal Trade- M. C. Vaish 4. Banking Concepts & Practices- Shekhar & Shekhar 5. Banking Concepts & Practices- Canon No tes prepargond by Fr. Alex Masc arnhas SJ, Loyola Nivas, H-15, St Mile Road, Sakchi, Jamshedpur 831 001 INDEX EVOLUTION OF BANKING NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENT marrow OF BANKING BILL OF EX intensify CLASSIFICATION OF BANKS PROMISSORY NOTE arrangementS OF BANKING CHEQUE CROSSING & ENDORSEMENT INDIAN BANKING pen INDIGENOUS SYSTEM BANKING PRACTICE MODERN FINANCIAL SYSTEMS BANK ACCOUNTS CHANGING PROFILE TIME DEPOSITS CHALLENGES fore LOANS & ADVANCES CHARGE CREATION COMMERCIAL BANK TYPES OF SECURITIES FEATURES BILLS COLLECTION ROLE IN FINANCIAL SYSTEM birth BANK MULTIPLE CREDIT CREATION COLLECTING BANK GRIVANCE REDRESSAL d takestairslying BANK CONCEPT & center RETAIL BANKING FUNCTIONS RESERVE BANK OF INDIA BANKING SERVICES NEW TRENDS IN CENTRAL BANKING ANCILLARY SERVICES fiscal POLICY MEANING E-BANKING OBJECTIVES INSTRUMENTS CONCEPT EVOLUTION TYPES OF MONETARY POLICIES CORE BANKING RBI MONETARY POLICY realistic BANKING LIMITATIONS E-PAYMENTS MERITS & DEMERITS customer RELATION MEANING APPENDIX NATURE OF RELATIONSHIP MUTUAL FUNDS FEATURES BANK provincealisation CUSTOMER ORIENTATION EVOLUTION OF BANKING A. MEANING OF BANKING Banking was first associated that with the supplying activity. The idea of burying prepargons from the world in order of magnitude to lend it to others on address developed much later. modernistic buzzwords lease gone(p) way beyond traditional banking and ache added pay based financial as healthfulhead as adjunct service to banking which ar real much wi ignore the limits of their expertise. A1. DEFINITION Dictionary flip overs multiple meanings of a BANK- It is a heap or storage of goods. It is the sh nonwithstandingow edge of the sea. It is the raised edge of a river or a road. It is a blockage of sandbags to a flow of water.Though none of these explanations speak immediately fewwhat financial dealings, solely of them take f or a b alonepark meaning that it is a sort of CUSHION put forwardd to nourish something. Hence, there potful be a grain bank, a blood bank, a sperm bank, a question bank, a river bank, specie bank, etc. The exact origin of the backchat bank is non certain(p). virtu aloney trace its origin to German word Banck which means heap or mound, others trace it to Italian word Banco which means heap of coin while some others trace it to the French word Banque which means a bench for keeping things. Jewish bankers and gold permuters transacted their melody of lend and exchanging notes on benches in the marketplace in Lombardy and so the bench became the banking counter.Bible has a reference to notes changers who were transacting p arntage on their benches within the Jewish temple and Jesus throws their benches and scatters them. If a banker failed by losing all his money, his bench was broken up by the people which gave birth to the word bankrupt Monetary banks derive their m eaning from all the preceding(prenominal) concepts. They provide facility to the customers to store their wealth and conk protection to it and in the mean time they lend it to others to enactment over some returns. According to Kent, bank is an organization whose principal trading operations ar concerned with the accumulation of the temporarily idle money of the general universal for the purpose of advancing to others for expenditure. According to Crowther, bank is one that collects money from those who stick egress it to spargon or who be saving it out(a) of their incomes and lends the money so collected to those who engage it. According to Hart, banker is one who in the middling course of business honors cheques drawn upon him by persons from and for whom he receives money on current identifys. According to John Paget, no person or body corpo site other burn down be a banker who does not take prep atomic number 18, does not take current accounts, does not t akings and pay cheques and does not collect cheques for his customers. All these definitions hand described the meaning of a bank merely retain not precondition a precise definition.Banking Regulation Act of 1949 u/s 5(1) has apt(p) the meaning of banking as follows- Banking means accepting for the purpose of modify or investment, of beats of money from the exoteric, repayable on demand or otherwise and withdrawable by cheque. Hence, bank in the technical sense roll in the hay be defined as an institution that accepts refundable doctors for lending or investing. The concept of oblation salary based run has no direct connection to traditional banking it evolved much later referable to the financial expertise lendable with the banks. A2. HISTORY OF BANKING The concept of banking is as old as the authentic history of humanity. ANCIENT WORLD The scheme was started by the Babylonians before 2000 BC. The practice of granting point of reference entry was widely prevale nt in ancient Greece and Rome.Credit by compensation and by transfer orders is traced to Assyria, Phoenicia and Egypt tied(p) before its education in Greece and Rome. EUROPE M all European countries naturalised public banks either for facilitating commerce or to serve the judicature. Begun as an authority for transfer of public debt, The Bank of Venice 1157 is the most ancient bank. The Bank of Amsterdam was stigmatise up in 1609 to date the needs of the merchants of the city. It true all kinds of specie adheres to be withdrawn or transferred to another account later using a certificate valid for six months. These written orders in the course of time got transformed into modern mean solar day cheques.ENGLAND English banking began with the London Goldsmiths who accepted customers valuables for safe custody and issued payable to bearer returns which in course of time enjoyed considerable circulation. Actual growth of private moneymaking(prenominal) banking began with the establishment of Bank of England in 1694. INDIA The first reference to banking in India is instal in the book Arthashastra by Chanakya in the family 300 BC. He mentions about guilds of merchant bankers who received deposits and approachingd loans. The traditional indigenous bankers and money lenders were lively in India since time immemorial. The first bank in todays chthonicstanding to be established in India was Bank of Hindustan in 1770. Unfortunately it failed subsequently.Presidency Bank established in 1806 which then became regal Bank and finally severalise Bank of India is the first successful bank in India. Co-operative honorable mention banks started vie significant role since II world war. A3. FEATURES OF A BANK Features of a bank are the go they offer to their customers. Traditional banks call for just cardinal features accepting deposits and lending money on address. Modern banks pick up introduced a third feature of fee based go. A3a. DEPOSITS are basical ly of two types- assume deposits & Time sediments. Demand deposits are in the form of running accounts care Savings Bank A/c, NRE A/c, occurrent A/c and Overdraft A/c depositing or withdra temptg money without each advance notice.On Savings Bank A/c and NRE a/c banks offer matter to on the balance amount where as for an overdraft a/c they jerk interest on the money overdrawn. Current A/c and the credit balance in Overdraft A/c fetch no interest to the account holders. All these accounts bequeath consider cheque book and passbook facility. Now one can do banking transactions from the comforts of ones own office or room or while locomotion eventide without entering the bank premises, pay fliers some(prenominal)where and any(prenominal)time and draw bills from ATM day and wickedness and even during holidays by means of with(predicate) e-banking. Time deposits are unendingly accepted to mature on a due date. Banks give interest on time deposit. Longer time deposits co mm besides further not necessarily fetch high interest.All banks allow pre-maturity withdrawals of time deposits and give whatever interest is applicable for the duration the deposit was with the bank with or without a punishment interest for pre-maturity withdrawal. A3b. CREDITS can be further sub- themeed duration-wise or security musical arrangement of rules-wise Duration-wise credit can be short precondition for less than a year or mass medium experimental condition for one to three years or desire term for beyond three years. Banks usually pick out short term credit as they give better liquidity. Long term assign are usually given for detonating device requirements. Customers are charged interest on credit which is little higher(prenominal) than the interest banks give on deposit. Security-wise credit whitethorn be secured, partially secured or clean. When credit is given against a collateral tradable security of at least equal value it is termed as secured credit. If the securities offered against the credit do not lot the credit amount completely then it is partially secured credit. If personal guarantees are offered sooner of any tradable securities, it is a clean credit. Banks usually prefer secured credit to ensure the ceilingital safety. A3c. FEE ground SERVICES whitethorn or may not be linked directly to banking activities. These features are crotchety to commercial banks and are on offer because of the expertise they have and in similar manner because their primary aim is attain. concerted banks usually do not offer much(prenominal) services except cheque book and bill collection facility. Some of the fee based services offered by them are- Financial Services are those involving money finished the customers accounts kindred Cheque, Bill Pay, Bill Collection, Debit Card, Fund Transfer, etc. complete availability of sufficient funds in the account is pre-condition for these services. Utility Services are those financial se rvices which are provided by the bank to the general public even without having an account in the bank handle Foreign turn, Bank Pay Order, Bank Drafts, Traveler Cheque, etc. Funds and the bank charges have to be provided at the time of availing these services. Agency/Fiduciary Services are those services in which the bank acts like an agent/trustee on behalf of its customers like Letter of Credit, Bank Guarantee, Originator/ Under make unnecessaryr of Capital Issues, natural rubber Deposit Locker, Safe Custody, etc. Investment Services are those agency services where bank guides the customers in making investments outside the bank for higher returns like D-Mat A/c, Brokerage and Advisory Service. B. CLASSIFICATION OF BANKS at that place are discordant types of banks being on the purposes of their businesses. But such(prenominal) a classification may or may not be exclusive since some overlapping is always possible- B1. COMMERCIAL BANKS by their very public figure mean busi ness and so perform all kinds of banking functions such as accepting deposits, advancing credits, offering fee based ancillary services including foreign permute and foreign bills remittances. They are nonionised in the manner of articulate stock companies.Their main aim is to maximize pull in from their banking business. Hence, they have spread out their network through startes wheresoever there is a possibility of better banking business. In many growing countries like India, commercial banks are obliged to contri preciselye to the economic growth of the country through various regulations of the regulatory authorities. These banks may be govt. owned, public domain or private sector or even foreign banks. Private sector and foreign banks vie with each other in providing personalized services in order to expand business. B2. FOREIGN EXCHANGE BANKS are specialized in foreign exchange and financing foreign trade in addition to the normal banking services.They too offer oth er cultivation collecting services to their customers on foreign trade prospects, foreign agents, and foreign collaborators and provide foreign currency remittance facilities. Foreign exchange banks usually have their honcho offices outside the country. Their secernate network is usually bare minimum restricted altogether to big urban centers with great potential for foreign exchange business. B3. industrial BANKS are also known as suppuration banks and are specialized in providing desire term loans to industries for the purchase of assets. They are usually not into ordinary banking services they basically underwrite shares and debentures of industries and also subscribe to them.Some of the industrial banks are- industrial Finance Corporation of India-IFCI, Industrial Development bank of India-IDBI, Industrial Credit & Investment Corporation of India-ICICI now merged with ICICI Bank Ltd. and Small Industries Development Bank of India-SIDBI. These are to a great extent than of pay companies set up by government than banks. B4. AGRICULTURAL BANKS like State cooperative Banks-SCB, soil Central joint Banks-DCCB, State Cooperative rustic & folksy Development Banks-SCARDB, chief(a) Cooperative uncouth & plain Development Banks-PCARDB and Regional Rural Banks-RRB provide all types of coarse credits to the farmers for their short term, medium term and long term untaught needs. They also offer limit ordinary banking services that are required by the farmers.Land Development Bank of India-LDBI gives long term loans on mortgage of agricultural land and topic Bank of husbandry & Rural Development-NABARD gives refinance to other institutions which give direct agricultural loans to the farmers. Both these banks do not provide retail banking services. B5. co-op BANKS work on the principle of cooperation among a group of shareholding ingredients usually confined to a minuscule geographical locality and the purpose of their cooperation. Their activiti es are mostly restricted to their own members. They do not come under the strict regulatory fudges of Central Bank since they are separately covered under Cooperative Societies Act. But they do have regulatory norms to satisfy, though not of the corresponding take as that of the commercial banks. Cooperative banks are basically of two types- urban Cooperative Banks that cater to the needs of urban population and Rural Cooperative Banks which cater to the needs of the rural population. B6. SAVINGS BANKS promote lesser savings and mobilization of resources. They may not lend on credit they may invest the perfect sum to nominate returns enough to pay good interest to their deposit holders. They are very successful in Japan, Germany and India. Post Office Savings Bank, Employee Provident Fund and semipublic Provident Fund are some examples of Savings Banks. B7. INVESTMENT BANKS are financial organizations which assist business theatres to raise funds for their long term capi tal requirements from the market hrough the sale of their shares and bonds. Hence, they certainly conduct other ordinary banking business in order to collect funds for their business. These banks act basically as middlemen or agents. They function in two ways- Originator- They act as originators of the capital issue by bringing out the impudently issue and managing it until the shares are finally al rophyted for a fee for the services provided by them. They have nothing to do with the gain or loss of the capital issue which goes directly to the company. Underwriter- They under-write the entire capital issue for a commonly agreed price and re-issue the shares to the public for the market price.The entire gain or loss do in the process is the gain or loss of the bank and not of the bring out company. Commercial Banks are also eager to provide investment banking facilities since these are basically in large quantities banking activities with clear sources of large gain in a sho rt span of time with or without committing ones own funds. B8. MERCHANT BANK is a loosely used term. Some merchant banks may neither be a merchant nor a bank. Merchant banks generally deal with corporate financial advice such as share issue, capital re-construction, amalgamations and acquisitions. Merchant banks also accept deposits and are involved both in money market operations and foreign exchange dealings. They also manage funds on behalf of their clients. B9.CENTRAL BANK is not a commercial bank it is the apex bank of a country which controls nations monetary and banking structures, like Reserve Bank of India. It is owned by the central government in most of the countries but not necessarily always. For example, in USA it is owned collectively by the member banks. Central banks work in the national interest in developing the nations economy. Central bank does not deal with ordinary banking activities. It issues and regulates currency, provides banking services only to the ce ntral government, the state governments and the member banks, keeps immediate payment militia of the member banks, holds gold reserves of the country and nations forex reserves, acts as clearing house and acts as a lender of last resort. C.SYSTEMS OF BANKING There is no uniform system in commercial banking. They have evolved based on the needs of a particular place. Philosophically there are two banking systems- Capital based Western Banking System and Service based Islamic Banking System. Islamic banking system is the only banking system in the world that is totally fee based and does not pay or give interest. Islamic banks collect fees for all the services offered by them since giving or receiving interest is against the Islamic Law- Shariat. approximately commercial banks follow capital based banking systems they accept deposits from the public at lower interest rate and give out credit on higher interest.The contrast in interest rate is their profit which is gained by from t heir capital. They also charge a fee for all the value added services rendered by them. In practical sense we come across three major western banking systems worldwide- C1. GROUP BANKING is commonly install in USA. It is a federal system favored mostly by banks in USA. Under this system, a group of banks come under a centralized counselling of a holding company may or may not be affiliated to a larger bank or any government controlled agency. Holding company exerts control over all the supplementary banks though each subsidiary bank maintains its own distinctive identity. The group may also include non banking financial corporations.In some subjects instead of a holding company, individuals or a group of individuals take the control over validation of the member banks through ownership of their stocks. Such a system is known as CHAIN BANKING. For all practical purposes, both mean the same except for their ownership pattern. MERITS- 1. Parent bank pools the resources and helps t he member banks. 2. erect credits more than than a members capital can be handled through crime syndicate basis. 3. CRR, SLR and capital requirement is centrally maintained by the parent bank. 4. Parent bank provides service on research, legal matters and investments, reducing individual member banks cost. DEMERITS- 1.It is a step towards monopoly, not good for you(p) from economic point of view. 2. Decline in business of one member in the group affects the entire group. 3. If the parent body is not a bank, it may divert funds to further its own interest. C2. social unit BANKING system is an individualistic system also favored largely in USA. In this system each bank is a centralized unit without branches it may have service centers like ATM at multiple convenient places or even a few branches within a strictly trammel area. All functions of the bank are performed at one centralized place. For remittances they are linked through equivalent banks. MERITS- 1. Every type of bank ing service is operable under one umbrella 2.It is competitive and super efficient. It can take prompt decisions. 3. Continuity in personal relation helps in customer care. 4. Even unmatched local needs are addressed by this system. DEMERITS- 1. Being localized, it can not spread encounter and its resources are moderate. 2. They can not commute services, can not have large scale operations 3. Mobilization of funds is limited to their own area and so fear of failure exists. 4. They have to depend upon their correspondent bank for remittances, increasing cost. 5. Very difficult to run unit banking in rural areas since rural resources are limited. C3. BRANCH BANKING system is followed almost universally.In this system banks testament have their head office at one place and branches at multiple convenient places. Each branch functions like any other full fledged bank and heretofore is fully controlled by the head office. They even have specialized branches to take care of specif ic requirements of customers, like NRI branch, SSI branch etc. This is very convenient to the customers. In some branches even the weekly holiday is changed to suit the people of the area. MERITS- 1. This system can spread risk, ray services, can have large scale operations. 2. It can have specialized branches for exclusive purposes. 3. They can live on cash reserve from less required branch to more required branch. 4.Remittance through branch system is easy, cheap and efficient. 5. Brings uniformity in the functioning supported by centralized system. 6. There will be an efficient head office control and less fear of failure due to its size. DEMERITS- 1. centralisation of command delays decision making process. 2. Every branch may not be in a position to offer all banking services 3. Administration tends to be bureaucratic, sticking to the rules at the cost of the need. 4. more the branches, difficult will be monitoring and supervision 5. Unique local needs may not be well taken care of From the above analysis we can safely conclude that branch banking system is the best system and so is favored world over.NOTE State Bank of India is training to bring itself and its subsidiary banks with all their branches under one Holding Bank which will be like a Central Bank with full form _or_ system of government control over its member banks and yet with administrative freedom given to each of the member bank to maintain their unique identity. This will also be a group banking system with an authorized change that the holding company is a bank whose masses stake is held by the government. Hence, this system is going to combine the advantages of all the three systems discussed above. INDIAN BANKING PROFILE In India, ancient scripts as old as Manu Smriti deal with regulations on credit like- credit instruments, judicial proceeding on credits, renewal of commercial papers, interest on loans, etc. Chanakyas Arthashastra refers to accepting deposits for lending.This was mainly money lending where as the modern concept of banking came to India with the colonial rulers. Though Chanakyas Arthashastra speaks both about deposit and credit, it is basically money lending. INDIAN BANKING SYSTEM AN OVERVIEW v v v INDIGENOUS SYSTEM BANKING SYSTEM NBFI v v v Indig. Banker Money Lender. ____ _v______ DFI NFFC MF. v Cooperative Scheduled v v Rural, urban, LTCCS Coop Commercial v v v SCB, DCCB, PACS SCARDB, PCARDB Public, Private, Foreign, RRB v Nationalized Banks, SBI, SBI Group A. INDIGENOUS SYSTEM is the oldest system of banking in India. It is basically a business for profit controlled by a few upper caste communities. Hence, it got degenerated into highly exploitative system against the lower castes and accepted by the masses out of helplessness. A1. INDIGENOUS BANKERS are individuals or firms who lend money against securities- hundis, promissory notes and legal bonds which state the amount of loan, due date, rate of interest and penalty interest be yond due date. They may or may not accept deposits from the public.It is a monopoly of certain castes among Multanis and Marwaris, in the West, Gujratis and Bengalis in the East and Chettis and Brahmins in the South. The interest rates of these bankers range from 6% to 150% depending on the nature of the security. Many of them have trading interests and control the marketing of the borrowers products. They operate mainly in big trading centers with their offices and branches. A2. MONEY LENDERS are individuals usually from Mahajan, Sowcar and Pathan communities. They do not accept deposits and their methods of business are not uniform. Others with surplus funds too are involved in money lending occasionally.Money lenders usually lend small amounts on personal security without any written agreement with preventative interest ranging from 75% to 300%, invariably quoted and collected on a monthly basis. They operate mainly among peasants and urban labor class. The lenders in both these categories are not interested in increasing productivity through credit. They are not even bothered about the principal amount as long as the interest keeps coming on time. Most of their credit goes for non-productive consumption activities. They are willing to give fresh credit to pay off the old credit with interest as it enhances their take a craping. There are enough cases where illiterates get cheated by them.Money lending now requires a govt. license and has a cap on interest rates. In spite of such restrictions, money lending business it still continues illegitimately among the low income groups because of easy access, absence of paper work and familiarity with the lenders. B. NON BANKING FIN. INSTITUTIONS or NBFI consist of instruction finance institutions, non-banking finance companies and mutual funds governed under SEBI. They do not come under direct RBI control like the commercial banks. B1. DEVELOPMENT FINANCE INSTITUTIONS established by the central government for specific precedence sector developmental activities. They are EXIM Bank, NABARD, NHB & SIDBI. EXIM Bank derives its name from Export-Import and its main activity is direct lending by way of long term loans and investments in export and import activities. NABARD is abbreviation for National Bank for gardening & Rural Development and is involved in refinancing banks and non banking financial institutions for agricultural and rural developmental activities. NHB stands for National lodgment Bank refinancing banks and non banking finance institutions on housing credits. SIDBI is short form for Small Industries Development Bank of India and it extends refinance to banks and non banking finance institutions for small scale industries. B2. NON-BANKING FINANCE COMPANIES come under the regulations and supervision of RBI since 1998 but not under the II agendum like the plan banks.They are private or public limited companies and are allowed by RBI to accept deposits and offer 1% higher interest than the banks. They give credit only for the specific activities for which they are established like- equipment leasing companies, necessitate purchase finance companies, investment companies, loan companies, housing finance companies, etc. B3. MUTUAL FUNDS are trusts that accept funds from the investors and redeploy them both in equity market as well as non-equity securities in a pre-determined pattern made available to the investor in advance and fully share the accrued wampum with the investors after deducting their legitimate expenses.Hence, gain from mutual funds depends on the types of securities purchased by them. Broadly speaking there are three types of vulgar Funds. paleness Funds invest at least 65% of their funds in various equities and may give superlative returns or make one lose ones own money depending on the market situation. Debt Funds invest in non equity securities and give low but steady returns. equilibrize Funds are combination of both equity & debt funds. For a detailed discussion on Mutual Funds please see appendix at the end. C. BANKING SYSTEM consists of both cooperative and scheduled banks. C1. COOPERATIVE BANKS received momentum after the 2nd World War.They are formed by the cooperation of any group under the Co-op Societies Act. Such groups are largely localized and the success depends on their own expertise. Urban Co-op Banks catering to the needs of the urban population and Rural Co-op Banks such as State Co-op Banks and regularize Central Co-op Banks catering to the needs of the rural population fall in this category. Co-op Banks are not listed under the second schedule of RBI Act, 1934 but they come under RBI supervision separately. They are required to allocate 40% of their credit to the antecedence sector of the government like any other commercial bank, work within the jurisdiction of their state and are generally into short term credit to its members.They are allowed to offer cheque book facility and int erest 1% higher than commercial banks on deposits, but they do not offer all the banking and other ancillary facilities of a full fledged bank. All co-op banks/ credit societies have to be registered under Cooperative Societies Act of the respective states. They work on the basis of cooperation and can be established by any group of people by forming a co-op society and subscribing for their shares. The main difference between a co-op bank and a co-op credit society is that the former can receive deposit from general public and give cheque book facility but give credit only to the members where as the latter provides its services and benefits only to its members.Besides these, there are also Primary pastoral Credit Societies, Primary Cooperative Agriculture & Rural Development Banks and State Cooperative Agriculture & Rural Development Banks in the cooperative sector. Cooperative banking structure, particularly the rural sector cooperative banking is quite complex in India. It can be broadly classified as follows- Urban Cooperative Banks alone have a single tier structure catering to all types of needs of the urban population through their branches in major cities spread all over the state, just like any other bank. Rural Cooperative Banks have three tier structures of delivery- State Cooperative Bank at the Apex level, District Central Cooperative Bank at the Intermediary level and Primary Agricultural Credit Societies at the Base level.Long Term Cooperative Credit Societies usually have two tier system- Primary Cooperative Agriculture & Rural Development Banks at the base level and State Cooperative Agriculture & Rural Development Banks at the state level. Some states have unitary system with State level banks working through their own branches and some other states have a mixture of both systems. C2. plan BANKS are those which are registered as joint stock companies under Indian Companies Act and are also listed under 2nd schedule of the RBI Act, 1934. T hey are licensed by RBI to have branches all over India or even abroad and perform all banking activities including foreign exchange.They are required to lend 40% of their credit to the priority sectors of the government. They directly come under RBI regulations and supervision. RBI control over the scheduled banks is so efficient that we do not have any example where a scheduled bank has ever applied for liquidation since the inception of RBI. Scheduled banks are basically of two types- a. schedule COOPERATIVE BANKS are those cooperative banks with a large capital base and listed under the 2nd schedule of RBI Act of 1934. They can offer all banking facilities just like any other commercial bank. b. SCHEDULED COMMERCIAL BANKS are those private or public limited joint stock companies listed under the 2nd schedule of RBI Act of.They are further classified into 4 groups Public heavens Banks, Private Sector Banks, Foreign Banks and Regional Rural Banks. b1. PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS are publ ic limited companies whose majority shares are held by the government. Hence, their board of directors is fully controlled by the govt. and they come directly under govt. regulations. They are further classified into State Bank of India, Subsidiary Banks of SBI and Nationalized Banks. STATE BANK OF INDIA The East India Company established three banks- Presidency Bank of Bengal in 1809, Presidency Bank of Bombay in 1840 and Presidency Bank of Madras in 1843 as bankers to the respective Presidency Governments.In 1921 they were amalgamated into Imperial Bank of India which also functioned as the central bank till RBI was formed in 1935. In 1955 it was nationalized and re-named as State Bank of India, popularly known as SBI. It also acts as the banker to the government wherever RBI does not have its offices. ancillary BANKS OF SBI or SBI Group was formed by SBI with majority shareholding in them. State Banks of Saurashtra / Indore have merged with SBI in 2008 & 2010 respectively. Sta te Banks of Mysore / Travancore / Hyderabad / Patiala / Bikaner & Jaipur are in the process of merger. SBI European Bank is their foreign subsidiary bank. NATIONALIZED BANKS 14 commercial banks were nationalized in 1969.They are- Allahabad Bank, Bank of India, Bank of Baroda, Bank of Maharashtra, Canara Bank, Central Bank of India, Dena Bank, Indian Bank, Indian Overseas Bank, Punjab National Bank, Syndicate Bank, United Commercial Bank, United Bank of India and Union Bank of India. 6 more were nationalized in 1980. They are Andhra Bank, Corporation Bank, New Bank of India, Oriental Bank of Commerce, Punjab & Sind Bank and Vijaya Bank. b2. PRVIATE SECTOR BANKS do not have any govt. stake in their share holdings. Most of them are owned and controlled by business groups and follow aggressive corporate culture in their functioning to maximize their profits. The promotion prospects of their employees are directly linked to the business they promote unlike in public sector.Hence, they a re far ahead of public sector banks in value added services, customer care and at the same time they also charge a host of hidden costs unlike the public sector banks. b3. FOREIGN BANKS are those banks whose head offices are located outside India and are allowed to do banking business under certain conditions. Prominent among them is lending 32% of their credit to the priority sector including export credit. Financing foreign trade remains their main business in India. They can fulfill their priority sector lending requirement by lending to priority sector export business and investing in priority sector government financial institutions. b4.REGIONAL RURAL BANKS were pissd to provide institutional credit and other facilities to the small and marginal farmers, agricultural laborers, artisans and small entrepreneurs in rural areas under 20 point Economic Program of the central government. 19 such banks were established in 1976, one in each state. They were given a jurisdiction to wor k, freedom to have branches or agencies within their jurisdiction and were put under the sponsorship of a nationalized bank. Ownership pattern of the capital was 35% with sponsor bank, 50% with the central govt. and 15% with the state govt. D. CHANGING PROFILE Indian economic policy has been founded on the philosophy of economic growth and social justice. Indian banking sector has undergone a dynamic change over the years based on the needs of its economy. Most big among them are- REACH- The branch network of Indian banking system in so extensive, it covers almost all remote corners of India. It is one of the largest networks in the world. DEVT- The diversification and development of our economy and its rapid growth is all because of our banking systems credit to various priority sectors. These achievements have become a reality because of the changing profile of our banking system over the years. We shall discuss the major changes in the profile as under- D1. CHANGE IN SECURITY O RIENTATION Traditionally personal creditworthiness of the borrower mattered a lot for any credit to be released. It meant, safety of the credit alone mattered for the banks and this safety came from the wealth the customers possessed.It effectively meant that only moneyed people could borrow from the bank. Now, banks have now changed their taste from safety to purpose. Credit is now made available to make them creditworthy. Hence, technical competence of the borrower, operational flexibility and economic viability of the project has become more important than the security offered by the borrower. D2. CHANGE IN REGIONAL IMBALANCES Private Banks opened their branches in urban locations because of the business potential. As a result Rural India remained unconnected by the banks. For example, pre-nationalization of banks there were only 12555 branches of banks in the entire country and they were located mainly in the urban centers.Post nationalization of banks number of branches has q uickly risen and as of Mar-09 it stands at 82408 branches. It is important to note that over 49% of these branches are now in the rural areas. It gives evidence that banking network has now spread uniformly to cover the entire nation without rural-urban bias. D3. CHANGE IN BANKING HABIT As a natural corollary to the development in the field of branch banking, development of baking habits in India have grown at an unparalleled pace. Banks have successfully induced the customers to lighten a part of their earning in banks for the future. Some banks even sent their agents brink to door to collect the savings. This helped the banks to diversify their lending portfolio considerably.If the deposits & advances counted for 13% & 10% of GDP respectively in 1969 they shot up to a walloping 50% & 25% respectively in 2002. D4. CHANGE IN BANKERS ATTITUDE A welcome change is the change in the attitude of the bankers. Earlier lending had a wholesale character coupled with the security of the cre dit. This attitude of the bankers made the banking facilities almost the exclusive prerogative of the elite classes. With the branches reaching the rural areas banking went retail and for the ordinary masses. Grant of credit no more became a matter of privilege it became available for genuine output signal need based purely on technical norms. D5.CHANGE IN BANKING PRODUCTS As the focus got shifted from wholesale to retail banking, private banks in particular came up with novel products to suit the needs of the retail customers, like- sept loan, auto loan, credit card, etc. Pigmy deposit introduced by Syndicate Bank and imitated by others in its various forms for example aimed at pooling idle money and inculcate saving habits among people. Banks sent their agents door to door to collect the deposit money on a daily basis and without setting a minimum. Bank deposits grew substantially because of this scheme. Such innovative products were considered a tough proposition earlier by the banks due to the volume of operations involved. Now, computerization of banking system has removed this difficulty.Some of the banks have started offering even auto FD where amounts above a pre set limit gets converted automatically into FD to fetch higher interest and gets redeemed automatically when cheques are presented and the account runs short of balance. D6. CHANGE IN MODE OF BANKING When the banking system was manually operated, almost all services were time consuming except depositing money into the account in the base branch where the account is maintained. Computerization of banking has made service faster the entire country is made to appear like one branch and even the necessity to go to the bank during banking hours for transactions is becoming redundant. Cash can be drawn from ATM anytime, even during holidays and bills can be paid directly to the account from ones own office. D7.CHANGE IN NON-BANKING ACTIVITIES Many banks have diversified their activities beyond tr aditional banking activities like equipment leasing, hire purchase financing and factoring acting as agents for the customers. A major step in this heraldic bearing is the merger of ICICI with ICICI Bank D8. CHANGE IN APPROACH TO CREDIT As a corollary to the shift from security orientation to purpose orientation, banks approach to credit also changed from lending to development in the recent past. Banks started lending for the purpose of industrial development, providing access to capital market and long term savings of the economy. They even started specialized branches to cater to the specific needs of the customers, like- NRI Branch, Overseas Branch, SSI Branch, Recovery Branch, etc. D9.CHANGE IN CUSTOMER SERVICE Private Banks started giving more focus to customer care in order to win more business. They even gave free collection and delivery facilities to HNI customers. To cope with the increasing banking habit, RBI too came up with a Banking Ombudsman scheme to redress the c ustomers disorders. E. CHALLENGES AHEAD Banks have sacrificed some qualitative aspects of growth while expanding the banking system to achieve development and step-up its reach. Prudent regulations have no head helped to ensure systemic stability, but enhanced efficiency would necessitate institutional changes in the internal functioning of the banks in the following fields- E1.ORGANISATIONAL construction Centralized structures work wonders under uniform conditions. As the banks diversify their business into the field of agriculture, rural development and other priority sectors they have to deal with different types of customers who need different kind of treatment. They can not afford to force the standard sophisticated practices on all the customers uniformly. For example, to finance rural development it is very much essential that banks evolve simple and meaningful procedures to the comfort of the rural folks. The most common complaint against banks is the under-financing and non-availability of timely credit to meet the borrowers need based requirements.Hence, banks mustiness revamp their organizational structures by delegation queen, decentralizing control and monitoring performance. E2. EXCELLENCE IN MANAGEMENT Quality of management is another argufy in the face of fast expansion. Here are ten critical characteristics of a good bank management- 1. An open culture and extensive vertical and horizontal communication, 2. healthy shared values, 3. Profit performance as a value, 4. Customer focused business orientation, 5. Willingness to invest in new products, 6. Strong sense of direction and consistent leadership, 7. Commitment to recruit best persons, 8. Investment in training, 9. Product information system and 10. Strong credit risk management. E3.CORPORATE GOVERNANCE There are instances where the boards have shown reluctance to ratify and lease RBI circulated covenants on professinalization of bank boards. Corporate governance can not be enforce d through regulations, it must spring from within. E4. EMPLOYEE COMPETENCY Together with the change in organizational structure there is a need to increase employee competency also. When new entrants into the market like Mutual Funds are pungent into the business of the banks, contemporary banking is becoming more and more skill sensitive and information technology is throwing new challenges to the banking systems, employee competency has become all the more important to retain the active business of the banks and expand it. E5. purloin TECHNOLOGY Well established banks are facing stiff contestation from the new entrant banks in terms of use of appropriate technology that makes banking convenient. The established banks do use modern technology but are way behind in maintaining pace and are challenged by these new entrants in order to remain in business. E6. NONPERFORMING ASSETS These are popularly known as NPA, the loans that do not perform- loans under judicial proceeding or bad loans that are doubtful of recovery. 6. 2% of loans of scheduled commercial banks were NPA and the public sector banks had to write off 42. 5% of the NPA as on 31. 3. 2002. It reflects on the quality of the loan portfolio. At 5% NPA, 17 out of 21 major banks in Japan were on the red.As per developed country standards it has to be around 2%. Hence, banks have to bring down the NPA ratio drastically. E7. DIRECTED CREDIT NPA as discussed above is a direct result of the quality of the loan portfolio of the banks. The system of directed credit to priority sector has no doubt brought impressive performance in quantitative terms but qualitatively it has brought more loan delinquencies since the relation between credit expansion and productivity has become weak. Political interference in credit decision-making is pointed out as a factor. The populist phenomenon of loan mela is certainly contrary to the professional judgement of bank credit needs.What is required to improve the quality of loan is- 1. Serious appraisal of credit need, 2. likely productive activity and 3. Effective post credit supervision. E8. RISK MANAGEMENT Risk is intrinsic to any business all the more to banking. Risks encountered by banks have increased with the diversity of banking business and growing worldliness of banking operations. The major risks encountered by banks are credit risk, interest rate risk, operational risk, forex risk and liquidity risk. piece of music deregulation has opened up new vistas for banks to shore up more revenue, it has entailed great competition and greater risks too. Hence, greater aid needs to be iven in strengthening of internal controls of risk management. E9. SICK INDUSTRIAL UNITS Funds locked up in industrial sickness has reached a staggering 2% of the entire credit of the banking system in March 2000. When sick units have to be nursed for social objectives banks should not be forced to suffer actual stakeholders must bear the burden of nursing them. Whe n sick units are nationalized for protect the employment or they are public sector entities, govt. must give adequate compensation to the banks to cover their dues which rarely happens in reality. It is neither legitimate nor practical for the banks to nurse sick units in all circumstances. E10. dough PLANNING Banking can not run like other profit making business since excessive and unjustified profits can only be at the cost of development of the society so far as the lending rates push up the production cost and ultimately is passed on to the customer. At the same time strong operating profits allow for allocations to capital and reserves which are very much essential for any bank to maintain its competitive viability. This setback was realized in the 90s when the nationalized banks posted declining profits. Nevertheless, concerted efforts by these banks improved the situation by 2002. Stiff competition makes the banks to work on thin interest rate margins but to increase their pr ofitability, they have to increase their fee based non-fund services substantially. E11.CUSTOMER SERVICE Though entry of new private banks no doubt has increased the quality of customer service, it is by and large confined to urban areas and to wealthy customers. Only the educate and wealthy customers have access to detailed information on all the banking facilities available. Customer care is very much wanting in public sector banks where the unionized employees are sure of not losing their jobs on this count. Efforts must be made to collect customer feedback on regular basis and remedy the defects pointed out if any, at the earliest wherever possible. E12. GLOBAL STANDARDS Computerization has revolutionized in banking in India. But it has not yet made much circulate in expanding it beyond the ational boundaries. Not many branches of Indian banks are found outside India. Just like its progress in Information Technology and software, India has to make good progress in the banking sector internationally since allocation of capital can not be bound by geographical boundaries. COMMERCIAL BANK A. FEATURES Commercial banks are private or public limited joint stock banking companies registered under Indian Companies Act. There are three distinct features of a commercial bank- they accept DEPOSITS on lower cost and give CREDIT on higher cost and the cost difference between deposit and credit is their GAIN. For more details refer features of a bankIts capacity to earn profits depends on its investment policy which in turn depends on the manner in which it manages its investment portfolio. Portfolio management refers to prudent management of a banks profit, liquidity and safety. But most commercial banks have gone way ahead of their basic functions introducing a host of fee based ancillary financial services in order to maximize their profits. Thus a commercial bank now may be defined as an institution that accepts deposits from the public on lower cost and lends it on credit on higher cost as well as offers ancillary services for a fee in order to increase its profits. B. ROLE IN FINANCIAL SYSTEM Commercial banks strive to earn a profit.At the same time their entire business of credit depends on public money deposited with them. Hence, they can not afford to risk public money just to increase their own profits. It is common knowledge that national level bank strikes throttle the lifeline of the nations economy and chat heavy losses on the GDP. The significance of banks role in the financial system must be understood in the words of Walter Leaf, who says The banker is the universal arbiter of the worlds economy Commercial banks have to play a major role in three distinct areas- Providing fiscal liquidity to the financial system, Giving capital protection to the economy and Speeding up economic growth of the nation. B1.FISCAL liquidity By fiscal liquidity we mean the capacity to produce cash on demand. The most important role of any bank i s to provide liquidity to the financial system. Banks pool around idle money in small pockets through their wide spread branches into a large capital and redeploy it wherever needed. For better management of credit, banks like to have as much funds in liquid as possible while maximization of gain is possible only by deploying maximum available funds on credit. Both are important for the bank. Hence, bank has to strike an effective balance between them so that neither its profitability suffers nor the liquidity of the market is affected. Liquidity of the assets of the bank is planned in three stages- a. currency is the most liquid asset. But it is an idle asset earning no returns for the bank. Yet certain percent of deposits must be always kept in reserve with the Central Bank in addition to cash in hand to meet immediate withdrawal of deposit. This is known as Cash Reserve dimension or CRR. It is decided by the Central Bank. b. CALL MONEY is the investment in Money Market, seize M arket and Reverse Repo. Money Market securities include short term securities like Certificate of Deposit CD of banks, Commercial Papers CP of companies, treasury bills of the govt. which give stable but low returns and long term govt. securities whose getting even depend on the interest scenario. Bond Market securities include Medium Term as well as Long Term bonds of any banks or companies tradable in the secondary bond market. They are bought and exchange at discount or premium and hence, their yield also depends on interest scenario. Reverse Repo is the system through which RBI borrows from commercial banks to absorb excess liquidity at lower interest rate. These funds are made available to commercial banks through bills repurchase under repo system on a little higher interest. These securities are the next best liquid assets but the returns from these securities are low. But it is important to select only those securities which give a lovelyly stable return.These securitie s can easily be liquidated in the Market with short notice. RBI prescribes a Statutory Liquidity Ratio or SLR for banks by which banks have to maintain certain percent of their deposits as liquid assets. c. CREDIT and investments give maximum gain to the bank but they are the least liquid. Hence, these assets should be fixd only in required proportion, never as a priority. Among them, short term credits are preferred by banks over long term credits for the sake of liquidity. B2. CAPITAL SAFETY Commercial banks strive to earn profit. But this must be through with(p) through prudent ways without risking the deposits of their customers. They have an important role to play in the capital protection. Hence, 1. security of deposits must be the top priority for the banks. Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation set up by the govt. gives guarantee only up to Rupees one lakh per customer in case a bank fails and has to be closed down. 2. Banks must avoid investing in equity ass ociate instruments or giving loan for speculative business since equity market weakens capital safety to a large extent. This is required to increase stability of the capital. 3. Banks have to use self restraint in their credit to other volatile businesses like real estate, film industry, etc. Similarly they must be senseless cautious while accepting volatile securities as surety for credit. 4.Banks must restrict long term credits and investments to a small percent since capital safety in short term credits is higher than the long term credits. 5. Before giving clean loans, banks must have a utter(a) reality check on the creditworthiness of the borrowers to repay the loan on time. 6. Banks must maintain a fair margin between their interest rates on deposits and credits. B3. ECONOMIC GROWTH Banks have a greater role to play in the economic growth of the nation through economic development of all the sectors. Hence, they must provide more credit to developmental and productive activ ities than non-productive or consumption oriented activities. basically there are three types of developmental activities- bouffant capital based corporate activities, medium or small capital based priority sector activities and export activity. a. CORPORATE SECTOR- While funding developmental activities, banks find it easy to provide credit to large capital based profit making corporates in industry & trade since timely repayment of credit received by them with interest is almost guaranteed. accompaniment is required not only for corporates but also for other sectors like industry, trade, service, infrastructure, transport, housing, power, finance, technology, etc and the banks can not except one sector at the expense of the other. Besides, corporate sector companies also have the capacity to increase its capital base or raise funds from the open market by issuing their own bonds.In other words they do not depend heavily on banks for their capital requirements where as others h eavily depend on banks. Hence, banks must use their prudence while deciding percentages for corporate credit. Large capital companies, particularly industry contribute to the economic growth of the nation not only by increasing production but also by increasing job opportunities. But their main drawback is that they are basically profit oriented and development is a byproduct of their activity. They are reluctant to venture into non-profit sectors that are essential for a balanced growth of economy. b. PRIORITY SECTOR- For all-round and real development there are certain priority sectors of the nation that require funding assistance by the banks.They are- infrastructure development like housing, rail and road construction, power, transport, etc. as well as small scale industry, trade, technology, agriculture, etc. From the profit perspective these priority sectors may not be always lucrative. It will not be always easy for these sectors either to increase their capital or borrow fro m open market they depend heavily on banks for their capital requirements. RBI has mandated 40% of the total credit of all cooperative & scheduled banks and 32% for foreign banks towards priority sector lending. Banks are allowed to invest in special bonds or investment instruments of these sectors to meet these requirements. c. AGRICULTURE SECTOR is surely a super priority sector.It must attract special attention of the banks since self sufficiency in agriculture has to be a top priority of any nation. Agricultural production is commercially unprofitable at least in Indian context. Small and medium farmers produce just enough to sustain since their personal labor in agricultural production gets them no returns. all other production can wait, not food it has to be produced proportional to the population irrespective of the cost. For the same reason, governments are providing subsidy and refinance facilities for agriculture. Banks must ensure that the government benefits really reac h the medium and small farmers. d. EXPORT SECTOR is not an exclusive sector like corporate or priority sector.It can pervade both corporate as well as priority sectors. Economies of the world are so interdependent that each country must have enough reserves in the currencies of other countries to pay the bills for supplies received from those countries. In its absence they end up in raising foreign debt which in turn has a cost by way of interest or else they end up in depleting nations gold reserves. If a country depends on foreign supplies, it must give high priority to exports to that country to strengthen their balance of payment. In such a situation banks must step in to provide credit to export activities in a preferred manner to increase countys reserves in that currency. C.MULTIPLE CREDIT CREATION There are two views on whether banks can create credit- One view held by Walter Leaf is that banks can not create money out of thin air. They can lend what they have in cash. Ano ther view held by Hartley Withers is that banks can create credit by opening a deposit every time they advance a loan. It is arouse to know that in an effort to maintain lowest possible idle cash, banks end up in increasing the money in circulation without increasing put up cash currency while creating credit In fact, credit creation is one of the most important functions of a commercial bank. They increase the purchasing power of people. Let us see how does this happen. C1.METHOD When bank gives a loan it pre-supposes that bank has cash through deposits. From the deposit bank gives loan which in turn gets deposited in the bank account. It creates an asset as well as a deposit with the bank. The beneficiary customer can issue cheques for payments in addition to the existing customers who have originally deposited the money. Thus money available in circulation superficially becomes more than the actual tender cash currency. This is the view of practical bankers. Concrete Example Le t us presume that our country has only one bank B and all the citizens are heavily into banking making the cash requirement of B just 10%.B gets total demand deposit of R. 10000 and that is the only currency in circulation in our country. Balance sheet of B will read as follows LIABILITIES ASSETS Deposits 10000 Cash in Hand 10000 TOTAL 10000 TOTAL 10000 B has to maintain 10% of its deposit of 10000 which is 1000 as cash reserve. It implies that B can give 9000 as loan. It creates an additional deposit as it is released to the deposit account while creating a credit of 9000 and the new balance sheet will read thus LIABILITIES ASSETS Deposits 19000 Cash in Hand 10000