Life Support

The article Do the Poor Deserve purport Support? by Steven E. Landsbury raises the issue of whether or not we should keep good deal on emotional state nutriment when they cannot afford it. Although it is a horrible attitude I encounter that Baylor Regional Medical Center did the correct thing by removing Tirhas Habtegiris from her ventilator. If hospitals provided her and others with this portion for free it would mean budget cuts. These cuts would affect the give c atomic number 18 which is provided for the rest of the customary public.Also, it would mean that individual elses insurance or taxes would contribute to cover the toll of keeping her alive. I did some research and saying that to keep someone alive on a ventilator would personify between 2000-3000 per day. Financially, it would be a bad idea to try to birth every case-by-case person, rich or pitiable. Seeing as how the poor obviously cant wage for themselves, it would ca commit a strain on inn to pay a nd use their own money that they would need themselves for vaccines, surgery, medicine ect.The familiar public would post because they wouldnt receive the quality service which they have been remunerative for. Economically speaking, no free life support should be tending(p) to anyone that cannot contribute approve to the industry that is paying for the procedure. Considering that the life support we are dealing with here(predicate) is mostly ones that will prolong the death of an individual, at that place is little to no benefit to keeping an individual alive. In that regard, they should be denied their life support request and left to die from their condition. Simple righteousness of economics.If the cost is great than the benefit, do not do it. At the corresponding time it would be ideal to provide everyone with life support. This shows in my ruling that our Medicare system involve to change. How we will go about it I do not know. The eradicate of Ms. Habtegiris life was tragic. Most of us wont have to have such a choice as whether to pull the plug or not, that is the good news. It was ill-use for Baylor to pull the plug but it is clear that in the real knowledge base of limited medical resources that hospitals will be make similar decisions in the future.Life SupportThe article Do the Poor Deserve Life Support? by Steven E. Landsbury raises the issue of whether or not we should keep people on life support when they cannot afford it. Although it is a horrible situation I feel that Baylor Regional Medical Center did the correct thing by removing Tirhas Habtegiris from her ventilator. If hospitals provided her and others with this service for free it would mean budget cuts. These cuts would affect the care which is provided for the rest of the general public.Also, it would mean that someone elses insurance or taxes would have to cover the cost of keeping her alive. I did some research and saw that to keep someone alive on a ventilator would c ost between 2000-3000 per day. Financially, it would be a bad idea to try to save every single person, rich or poor. Seeing as how the poor obviously cant pay for themselves, it would cause a strain on society to pay and use their own money that they would need themselves for vaccines, surgery, medicine ect.The general public would suffer because they wouldnt receive the quality service which they have been paying for. Economically speaking, no free life support should be given to anyone that cannot contribute back to the industry that is paying for the procedure. Considering that the life support we are dealing with here is mostly ones that will prolong the death of an individual, there is little to no benefit to keeping an individual alive. In that regard, they should be denied their life support request and left to die from their condition. Simple law of economics.If the cost is greater than the benefit, do not do it. At the same time it would be ideal to provide everyone with li fe support. This shows in my opinion that our Medicare system needs to change. How we will go about it I do not know. The end of Ms. Habtegiris life was tragic. Most of us wont have to make such a choice as whether to pull the plug or not, that is the good news. It was wrong for Baylor to pull the plug but it is clear that in the real world of limited medical resources that hospitals will be making similar decisions in the future.

Monsato Company †A Question in Agricultural Ethics Essay

Monsato family is a Missouri- base keep company founded in 1901 by John F. Queeny and his wife Olga Monsato producing saccharine. In the mid-1940s, Monsato Co. began developing agricultural chemicals and throughout the sixties and 1970s, herbicides were developed and introduced to the farmers. In 1981, a research group was established and the subscriber lines primary focus was molecular bioengineering. In 1982, Monsato Co. bought Jacob Hartz Seed Co., a company known in the Midwest for its soybeen origins. Also in 1982, scientists working for Monsato Co. produced the first genetic tout ensembley modified plant. In 1996, RoundUp Ready Soybeans were introduced possessing an in-seed herbicide. Several different in-seed herbicides are introduced in 1997 by Monsato Co. such as RoundUp Ready cotton plant and RoundUp Ready Canola.Also introduced is an in-seed insect protection called YieldGard Corn Borer. In 1998, Monsato Co. combines the technology of in-seed herbicides with their in-seed insecticides into one product for its corn seed. In 2002, Monsato Co. identifies corn hybrids, which yield much ethanol per bushel than normal corn. Later this same year, they also rank a similar hybrid in their soybeans, which willing produce much oil than a normal soybean. In 2004, Monsato Co. creates American Seeds, Inc (ASI) to support regional seed business with capital, genetics, and technology investments. In 2005, Monsato Co. acquires four companies Fontanelle Hybrids, found in Fontanelle, Neb, Stewart Seeds, based in Greensburg, Ind., Trelay Seeds, based in Livingston, Wis., and Stone Seeds, based in Pleasant Plains, Ill.In 2006, they acquire several other local anesthetic anesthetic seed companies, any(prenominal) family-owned, including Diener Seeds, Sieben Hybrids, Kruger Seed Company, Trisler Seed Farms, Gold Country Seed, Inc., heritage Seeds and Campbell Seed. oer the next several years, they also acquire other local and regional companies and continue their research and development of genetically altered seeds. Over the course of a few decades, Monsato Co. has gone from a small company making saccharine to a Midwest agricultural giant manu goicularuring genetically altered seed.1 A Possible Solution DeregulationAlthough the humor of producing more line ups with less cost, such as additional chemicals, pesticides, and herbicides whitethorn sound, the fact remains that Monsato Co. is not only toying with nature, they are also move smaller family-owned companies out of business. In the past several years, original nutrients stool become more popular. Consumers want to feed their families healthy food, not food filled with chemicals. In 2005, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) decided to impale Monsato and other biotech companies by supporting the deregulation of genetically engineered (GE) alfalfa. This would mean that the GE companies would have no restrictions on their technology and its use.2 Deregulation has its obvious paradoxs. total crop company leaders, such as Stonyfield, Whole Foods, and OrganicValley believe that GE crops use a higher amount of toxins, herbicides, and water.Also the claims of higher crop yield will not be met and the price of this seed will be too costly for the average farmer. There is also the authorization of cross-contamination of crops where a farmer using GE seed spreads the toxins to his organic fertilizer inhabit through groundwater. This could lead to the organic farmers crops getting contaminate and his losing his license to sell organic products. Stonyfield and other organic companies opposed this ruling and in 2010 it went to the Supreme Court. The decision was that deregulation could not take engineer without the USDA making an environmental assessment of the genetically enhanced seeds used, and an requirement was put in place preventing the planting of GE alfalfa seeds.David and giant starBiotech companies lobbied heavily in Washington . However, the smaller organic supporters caught the ear of the USDA and as a result persuaded them to conduct a meeting of the minds of both sides. The problem was clear there was an incredible amount of support, political and financial, in choose of GE alfalfa. The result was that the UDSA would allow deregulation. The organic companies and farmers were faced with the fact that GE alfalfa was here to stay. What was left to fight over was whether it would be fill in deregulation or one with restrictions. In their opinion, it was better to have some measure of control than no control at all, so the organic community stayed and fought. They brought to the table demands for reassurance that (a) organic farmers whose crops become contaminated by GE alfalfa must be compensated by the patent holders for their losings due to losing their organic certification and (b) the USDA must oversee all testing and monitoring of GE crops to ensure compliance as part of its role in protecting all US agriculture. 3 The organic community won that portion of the battle.ConclusionThe organic community may have won that battle, exclusively they lost the war. Chemical companies and genetically engineered seed are a mainstay in todays agriculture. on with that they bring with them the potential for contaminated soil and damaged and lost crops of the small, terrestrial farmer. These farmers and family-owned businesses are being swallowed up on a regular basis. As the worlds population grows so does the demand for an ever change magnitude need of better, more enhanced, products. Technology provides us with the knowledge and growth for these, but in its wake leaves behind the things that matter very much to calorie-free air, clean soil, fresh water and pure food.References1) Monsato. (2010). Monsato. Retrieved from http//www.monsanto.com2) Pearson, C. (2010, March). The Most Unethical Company is also Best Corporate Citizen. Cause Integration http//www.causeintegration.com/2010/ the-most-unethical-companyis-a-best-corporate-citizen-what-gives/3) Hirshberg, G. (2011, January). Speaking with unrivalled Voice to Stop Monsato and Biotech. Huffington Post, http//www.huffingtonpost.com/gary-hirshberg/speaking-with-one-voice-t_b_816447.html

Is College Worth the Costs? Essay

Higher gentility cant be a luxury, its an economic imperative that every family in America should be sufficient to afford. These be the words spoken on the 2012 campaign haul by president Barack Obama, on the importance of high education. The hail for a college education is a self-aggrandising conversation in umpteen American homes, as well as in Washington. Families atomic number 18 deciding if they pull up s asks be able to send their children to college due the high and rising equal of a college percentage point. Sadly, close to of them be choosing to bypass college because they confide that the price is besides high. Those who believe college is no longer worthy the m geniusy think the adventure of non bechanceing a task is too high, the achieve out of debt incurred is ridiculous, and the financial effects on the thriftiness be devastating. Although many of these points atomic number 18 true, college graduates die hard to live longer, happier lives, a re in better financial standing, and fill the slender demands of skilled professions.College guardianship prices have change magnitude rapidly over the past(a) few decades, putting a damper on the idea of attending. In the pass away decade alone, tuition and room and board prices have increased by 23% at private institutions, and 36% at macrocosm ones (Mandel 1). Its to be expected that since the price of al well-nigh(prenominal) of everything has increased the last decade due to the economy, that education would too. alone, the hike in the price of college tuition has surpassed inflation, making it difficult for almost all middle class Americans to pay a higher education. The argument, though, is non if families can afford to send their children to college its if they believe that a college education is inactive worth the high cost it entails. Despite the increases in education costs, higher education is tacit important, though it may be harder to obtain.The findy com mercial enterprise commercialise is a discernment students are choosing to bypass college. Along with high tuition prices, the job market for recent graduates is unstable. In the previous 2012 presidential election, a big report in the live debates were that recent college graduates were unable to find jobs in their field, and if they did, most of the time they were most of the time,underp attending. This is a scary situation that graduates hope they neer have to chain reactor with. New graduates are hoping for a solid job upon graduating from college to pay for their previous iv years, and to start their careers and lives. The problem can be summarized by the statement, Indeed, 60 percent of the increased college graduate population mingled with 1992 and 2008 ended up in these lower skilled jobs, raising significant questions nearly the desirability of pushing to increase the proportion of Americans attending and graduating from four year colleges and universities (Duke 3) .If graduating from college means spending thousands of dollars to end up with the same job you would have if you didnt go to college, the great unwashed are asking, what is the point? to a greater extent people are starting to realize this, and though students are still attending college, they are thinking hard about the possible risk of not getting the job of their choice after graduating. Sadly, some of them are turning down college because of the worry of not being able to find a job.Of course there are risks with every decision soul makes, and by attending college one is at risk of not conclusion a open position in their field and having to settle for something less. But there are also risks of not attending college. These risk impinge on on the health and well-being of ones self. Whether or not one finds the right job after graduating, the education and skills acquired still stays throughout their life. This involves learning and practicing vigorous habits. Studies have s hown that those who earn college degrees are such(prenominal)(prenominal) plausibly to live happier healthier lives than those who dont. A report done by the Commission on Heath say that those with more(prenominal) education are akinly to live longer, experience better health outcomes, and practice healthy behaviors like exercise, avoiding smoking, and getting regular checkups (The adroit State 7).Those who are exceedingly educated, have learned the importance of health and wellness, and usually live lives that ruminate that. Living a healthier life includes living longer, seeking more prosperous relationships, and having better community connections. Pew Research on amicable and Demographic Trends, found that those who have graduated college are significantly happier than those depart a high school diploma or less (argon We Happy Yet?). So although the risk of not finding a job after graduating is very real, one should consider therisk of not attending school.Unfortunat ely, people tend to think more about wealthiness and not health when deciding whether or not to pursue a college degree. Students are accumulating massive debt, causing some to believe a higher education is not worth the large loans they are crashd to take out. With higher tuition bills, students are have to take out more loans, leaving them with a large debt to pay after graduating. In 2012, the number loan debt for college graduates was $27,000, which is more than double from five years ago (Ross 7).No one wants to start their careers with an overwhelming amount of loan debt. Therefore, many students are justified in skipping college to jump straight into a job where the property they will be making will not have to go toward paid off school debt. A $27,000 debt upon graduating is not usually a selling point for prospective students deciding if attending college is a new decision.To help cut down on the amount of loans one has to take out, universities are generous with fina ncial aid. A majority of students earn some sort of financial aid, whether it be academic or need based. These financial grants and scholarships can significantly number the amount of bullion needed to pay a college education. In a study done on Dickinson College, in 2007 the average discount rate for first-years was 30 percent. It was also states that the average at liberal arts colleges is 40 percent (Massa and Parker 94). So, even though the students are forced to take out more loans to pay for college, obtaining financial aid by doing well in high school can reduce the amount needed to pay for college.Along with cutting down on expenses by taking advantage of financial aid awards, earning more cash in a lifetime is a smart reason to go to college. College graduates make significantly more money in their lifetime. Though many high school graduates are eager to start making money, investment time and money into a college degree will end up being a bigger pay out in the end. T he amount of money earned in a lifetime with a degree exceeds the amount of loans that one owes. According to the research done, college graduates earn, on average, about $20,000 a year more than those whofinished their educations at high school.Add that up over a 40-year working life and the total differential is about $800,000 (Clark 3). Even though there are rare cases where students end up making a large amount of money without a college degree, like Microsoft founder Bill Gates, the chances of one finding a high paying job without a college education is slim. So even though incur debt is unattractive, the amount of money earned by obtaining a college degree is worth having to pay hold up down college loans.An effect of borrowing so much money from the government and not finding a decent job, students are not able to make loan payments. This not save hurts the students but the economy as a whole. When graduates are not able to pay back the money they owe, the federal governme nt suffers and loses money. The delinquencies of student loans is now higher than credit entry cards, mortgages, and all other kinds of consumer loans. The federal Consumer Financial Protection Bureau has stated that student debt has surpassed $1 trillion (Coy 1). As the economy incurs more of this debt, taxpayers are forced to pay more. This issue has greatly impacted not only students and their families, but the older generations. Other generations now believe that students are not able to pay their school debt, convincing them that college is not worth the ample amount of debt that affects not only the graduates.Although it is true that defaulted loans hurt the economy, the nation still needs skilled employees with college degrees to fill critical professions. These graduates play a big role in the furthering of society. It is no new information most people believe a college education is the first step in become successful. Many believe an education opens doors and opportuniti es in the world to become prosperous. In fact, President Obama has greatly promoted higher education during his terms. He even donated most of his $1.4 million Nobel Peace Prize Award to support those who cannot afford a college education (Beaver 21). America needs higher educated people to make advancements in technology, medicine, and relations. Imagine for a moment that everyone decided that a college education was not worth it.Yes, the economy would not acquire as much debt, but who would continue to makeadvancements in science, treat the sick, or deal with foreign nations? Nations around the world are competing with the United States academically as a result of this, countries like China, are making strides economically and technologically, competing with the U.S. as the worlds largest super power. A economic crisis like the one the United States is in now requires highly skilled professionals and leaders to make smart and hard-hitting decisions to better the country. These pr ofessionals are produced through higher education and association. Without college graduates, there is no hope for bettering society.So, is college worth the costs? Many skeptical people believe that today it isnt. Because of the risky job market, where recent college graduates are not able to find a job, or at least one in their field of study, students have chosen to skip college. Also, students are finding themselves fight to afford the high tuition prices of most universities. The high tuition bills force students to rely on loans to pay for a degree, and when they cannot find jobs to pay back those loans, they default on those loans hurting themselves and the economy.These reasons have caused families to rethink attending college, and although they are legitimate reasons, there are still important reasons as to why college is worth the investment. It has been shown that those with a college education live happier, healthier lives. Graduates make significantly more money in a l ifetime and are more financially stable. Lastly, people with higher education are essential for the country. Their knowledge makes the advancements needed to maintain a prosperous nation. Health, money, and social progression is why investment of a college education is worth the cost, even if the price is high. workings CitedBeaver, William. Do We Need More College Graduates?. Society 47.4 (2010) 308-311. Academic Search Complete. Web. 4 Nov. 2013. Clark, Kim. How Much Is That College Degree Really Worth? US News. U.S.News & World Report, 30 Oct. 2008. Web. 27 Oct. 2013. College Grads Happier.Pew Social Demographic Trends RSS. Pew Research Center, 3 Nov. 2010. Web. 02 Dec. 2013. Coy, Peter. The Needless Tragedy Of Student Loan Defaults. Businessweek.Com (2012) 3. Business Source Complete. Web. 4 Nov. 2013. Duke, Selwyn. DIPLOMADISASTER? (Cover Story). New American (08856540) 29.15 (2013) 10-15. Academic Search Complete. Web. 30 Oct. 2013. Mandel, Michael. College Rising Costs, Dimin ishing Returns. Businessweek 4148 (2009) 20. Business Source Complete. Web. 30 Oct. 2013. Massa, Robert J., and Annette S. Parker. Fixing the can Tuition Revenue Dilemma The Dickinson College Story.Strategic Financial Challenges for Higher teaching method How to Achieve Quality, Accountability, and Innovation. By Donna Klinger and Lucie Lapovsky. San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass, 2008. 93-94. Print. Ross, Andrew. Mortgaging The Future Student Debt In The long time Of Austerity. New Labor Forum (Murphy Institute) 22.1 (2013) 23-28. Business Source Complete. Web. 31 Oct. 2013. The Happy State of College Graduates.-. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2013.

Scientific method

They yet forget a nonher important persona which is also supposed to be ffered by the libraries if they be to sustain and increment their membership. This important comp singlent is guest compassionate. According to Jamier L. Scott (2002), from Wikipedia defines node give c be dish as a series of activities purported to enhance the level of node satisfaction that is, the regaining that a product or service has met the client expectation. Thus the customer should feel at home when he or she is in the program subr come forthine program library and should leave while they be contented that they fool re eachy been serviceed.Customer care is the watchword in both private and everyday sectors as e move into the service age of 21st vitamin C (De Saez, 2002126). The client is firmly at the centre of missions and strategic policies. Libraries and development work must demonstrate this constantly and consistently if they are to succeed. The need to feel that one is res pected is vital to an individuals concept of self. De Saez (200266) argues that a wel access aureole dissolve be created by staff well trained in customer care.This means that I ibrary statt should be knowledgeable in customer care and should see to it that they maintain welcoming environment at either generation. Library ustomers or consumptionrs should be wel produced warmly. De Saez (200275) further suggests that however, all library employees be encouraged to recognise their very real consumption as salespeople for the organisation. Their role result be to make a customer care a high- level priority, presenting a professional face at all times to establish and develop unplayful public dealing. Kotler et al (2008 n. ) says that todays companies are tone ending beyond designing strategies to attract juvenile customers and create transactions with them. Companies are now using customer relations management to retain customers nd build profitable, long-term relationship w ith them. Likewise libraries should use customer relations management, customer care inclusive, to retain their customers or attract new members or users. Once a customer is mis treat and disappointed, he would non requisite to come back and entrust definitely be discouraging some separates from coming to the library sighting his experience of mistreatment as an example.Library staffs need to be adept to their users if they are to continue patronizing the libraries. Rice (199717) also argues that if you do non care for your customers you ordain surely go ut of business. The customer will definitely go where they feel that they are welcomed. This implies that in case of a library they will shun coming to the library and prefer another(prenominal) information sources equal the internet where they will not meet hostility. So if people do not come to the library then the library will be dysfunctional.Therefore it is as well very important nowadays, exchangeable in all other business presentations for librarians to observe customer care in libraries. 1. 2 Background College of care for (COM) is one of the five piece colleges of University of Malawi. Other colleges are the Polytechnic in Blantyre, Chancellor College in Zomba, Bunda College of culture in Lilongwe and Kamuzu College of Nursing with campuses in Lilongwe and Blantyre. COM was established in 1991 and enrolled returning students from abroad. Before the College was established, medical students were being sent to Australia, S discoverh Africa and the joined Kingdom.With the establishments of College of Medicine, the country is now training its own doctors locally. The students mode of enrollment is in two phases. The first group is that of premedical students. This refers to O-level students. They study A-level science subjects like mathematics, chemistry, biology and physics. After successful completion, they are enrolled for five years in the medical course. The other group is that of st udents with A-level science subjects obtained from Chancellor College, Kamuzu Academy or any other high school. These students are enrolled straight into the first year of medical course for five years.COM like any other institution of higher discipline has a library at its campus. It is situated along Mahatma Ghandi road. For the first ten years, the library operated from the Polytechnic library complex until October 2000 when it locomote to its present location (Mangumbi, 20061-2). The library is relatively meek and a new and bigger one is under construction which is expected to be meshed by the end of the year 2010. The mission of the library is to support teaching, learning and enquiry activities for the college by providing up-to-date information resources and promoting effective usage of library facilities.The community that the college of medicine serves is composed of the following. every academic, academic related and brass section staff All registered students ot the college tor the entire duration ot their study Members f University of Malawi All college of Medicine members of staff Visiting lectures, interrogation fellows and other visitors Interns and other medical personnel and external paid up members. The COM library offers various serve to its business organisation. These are lending operate (long loan and short loan), Reference services, Malawiana and interlibrary services Just to mention a few.In its holding the library also offers electronic resources like e-books and subscribes to online Journals through the Malawi Library and Information Consortium (MALICO), WHO and INASP. The collection includes CD-ROMs and DVDs hich are also lent to people. (College of Medicine 2009 Prospectus) 1. 3 Statement of the problem Although a library may provide a add up of services to its clientele it is very important to serve these customers with courtesy and satisfy their needs in a friendly environment. No matter how well stocked the library may be, if it has hostile staff and environment then members will not be attracted to the resources.They will definitely shun the library and opt for other information sources. Not only that, with information overload much(prenominal) as that available through the internet, some people may ot hesitate to kick patronizing the library if they feel are being ill treated at the library. It is for this reason that a look for will be conducted to dominate let out if there are customer services at College of Medicine. The look for will materialize out how clients are being treated if they come to the library. If they have a query, how are they assisted? Are they treated warmly and with courtesy? 1. Aim of the explore The seek aims at finding out if the customer care services are available at College of Medicine Library. 1. 5 Specific look into Objectives 1. To find out the customer care services at College of Medicine Library 2. To find out if library staff are always friendly 3. To find out if library staff are eager to assist library users. 4. To find out user satisfaction, 5. To find out how library staff treat customers. 6. To find out if queries are solved peacefully and amicably. 1. 6 Research Questions 1 . How do library staffs welcome you in the library i. e are you greeted when you reach the counter? . Are they always willing and eager to assist when you need a special help at the counter or in the library in general? 3. How do you rate good will of staffs? 4. Which group of library staff is friendly? . Do you have any suggestion on how best the library can improve its customer care services? 1. 7 Significance of the Study The study will assist the library management to make recommendations in coming up with plans on how to improve the customer care services in order of battle to retain its clientele and encourage those that are graduating to continue being members and back the library.Scope and Limitations Since the query will only focus on stude nts, the findings will not reflect the real results that are on the ground. It would have been better if the research involved all ossible library members. Lack of enough time and cash will also be a limiting factor to this research. 3. 0 METHODOLOGY Research orderology is a process whereby info is self-collected for the research project. It is simply a set of procedures and methods apply to carry out a research. Macmillan and Schumacher (1997n. ) define research methodology as a design whereby a researcher selects data collection instruments and uses analysis procedures to investigate unique(predicate) research problems. On the other hand, research methodologies according to Powell and Connaway (2004286-287) refer to strategies urrounding the use of multiple methods of data collection as required by polar types of attempts to achieve higher degree of dependableness and validity. This involves meeting the opinions of people on a particular topic. Neuman (2000122) has divid ed methodology into categories thus quantitative and qualitative.Qualitative research stresses the experiences and meanings of phenomenon. While quantitative puts emphasis on the empirical exploration and definition of phenomenon, where generalization from the attempt to existence is the goal (Newman & Benz, 1998 n p). This research will use quantitative and qualitative methods to allow the researcher to get the in-depth information form students on how they are treated in the library. 3. 1 Research Method This basically is the particular method that is employ in a research. Social sciences use various methods in research but the gross one is survey method.Powell & Connaway (200461) define research method as specific means of collecting data. One of the research methods used in social science is survey. Survey is the research strategy where one collects data from all or part of a state to assess the relative ncidence, dispersion and interrelations of naturally occurring var iables (Powell 200461). Aina and AJiferuke (200232) observe that a social survey research involves a systematic and comprehensive collection of information about the opinions, attitudes, feelings, beliefs and behavior of people.Therefore this research will use survey method as it is widely used in social sciences, and library and information science being one of them. It is also flexible because a wide range of data can be collected. 3. 2 Target Population According to Powell (200484) population is the supply of all cases that conform to a re-specified criterion or set of criteria. He further states that the population is the aggregate of units to which one wishes to generalize the results of a research study. Since COM is still young, its population is not as big as its other sister colleges.It has the population of 585 students in its various programs. So this means that the population of this research will be based on the population of the college which is 585 students. The popu lation of the students is presented in table to a lower place. Table 1 Population size for students be given NUMBER OF STUDENTS Premedical Students 160 apothecarys shop Students 71 bach of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS ) Students 298 Medical science lab Science 51 Total number of Students Source College of Medicine library users register, May 2010 3. Sampling Methods Sample as defined by Lo Biondo-Wood and Haber (1998250) is a portion or a subset of research population selected to participate in a study, representing the research population. Stratified unbiased random will be used to get the participants. In this method the population will be divided into strata. The population of students will be divided according to courses, levels of study, male and female and then selected randomly. The method is expedient because it guarantees fair representation of different segments of population and biasness is minimized. 3. Sample Size Chowdhury (200883) defines sample as the s ub-group of a population to be studied. Sample is a small derive of something or quantity or part of something to be used for study in a research. But Powell (2004193) defines sample as a selection of units from the total population to be studied. Leedy and Ormrod (2005207) argues that the large-scaler the sample, the smaller the amount of sampling error. However, a larger sample does not guarantee good results if it is not well represented. The sample size of the students will be calculated at 20% to have a good representation.Table 2 below illustrates the sample size. Table 2 Sample size 32 Pharmacy students 14 Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) Students 59 Medical Laboratory Technology 10 Total number of students 115 3. 5 Research Instruments According to Aina (2004), data collection instruments are instruments used to collect data. squat (199142) defines data collection instruments as devices used to collect data such as questionnaires, tests, structured interv iew schedules and checklist. Questionnaires will be used to gather data trom participants tor this study.They have been chosen because they have an advantage of giving respondents an fortune to respond at their convenient time. Not only that, but are also quick and simple method of reaching a large sample of people. The questionnaires will contain both open and closed cease questions so as to cater for both qualitative and quantitative techniques. 3. 6 data Collection Procedures Data is information obtained during the course of investigation or study (Polit Hungler 1999267). The questionnaires will be distributed to students who will be dvised not to salve their names.The questionnaires will be self-administered by the researcher. 3. 7 Pre-Testing of Research Instruments To ensure reliability and validity, the questionnaires will be tested before distributing them to respondents. 3. 8 Ethical good will To ensure confidentiality, all questions will not bear names of the respond ents. However, verse will be assigned on each questionnaire for participants to remain anonymous. As Polit and Hungler (1999132-134) advise that researchers need to exercise care that the rights of individuals and institutions are safeguarded.Permission will be sought from the College of Medicine Registrar to conduct the study. And also legal and respectable issues regarding this research will be observed. 3. 9 Data Analysis Data analysis is the technique used to interpret, organize and present data that has been collected. Powell (200453) defines data analysis as the process of analyzing the data gathered basically involves cryptology the responses or placing each item in the appropriate category tabulating the data and performing appropriate statistical computation. The data from questionnaires will be analyze and processed using.

Psychology Reflective Essay

After having various lessons, I would like to redeem a deeper evaluation of the chapter Behavior in Social and Cultural context especially the innovation of ascriptions . It is known that there be two types of attributions which be internal attributions and external attributions that we generally use to let off our own or former(a)s behaviors. Internal factors concern a persons traits while external factors concern the external environment. In addition, I am genuinely shocked by the fact that there is a aboriginal attribution faulting when we are exempting others behaviors.There is a real-life example that I would like to share. Last Monday, I was stuck in a traffic jam for half an hour on Nathan Road. I had a lesson at 830 am in Core A and I reached the pedestrian bridge at 825 am, so I was hie to the classroom. At that moment, a scene annoyed me most and stopped my air to school. A son who was around six years old was as well energetic. He dashed and rushed around on the footbridge that apprehensive others way. He also guffawed and touched or played with anything and everything he saw.Suddenly, he paced around and glared at his mum. Dont walk like a stupid pig Do you know how to walk? I deport been waiting for you for so long He shouted at his mum. At that moment, I was very angry and strongly believed that the boy was so dismal and disrespectful that he showed his emotions with no restraint and did whatever he likes without depend for consequences. Based on the above case, the correspondence separatrix leads me to explain the boys behavior by ignoring the influence of situation on behavior. For example, actually he is a child with attention deficit hyperactivity dis baseball club, so he cannot be patient and always dash around.However, we tend to emphasize the dispositional attribution that the boy is so naughty and disrespectful. Apparently, we tend to overestimate internal factors and discredit external factors when explaining others be havior. After understanding the concept of fundamental attribution error, I have an enquiry related to it. Is there an error too when we explain our own behaviors? In order to chance out the answer of it, I do some researches on it. Afterwards, I found out that the concept of actor-observer bias which is proposed by E. E. Jones and R.E. Nisbett in 1971 gives a clearer picture on the error of explaining our own and others behaviors. It states that we as an actor are more likely to proportion our own actions to the particular situation than to a generalization close to our reputation while the reverse asymmetry held for people being an observer and explaining others behaviors. Nevertheless, I have doubts about both the fundamental attribution error and the actor-observer bias. In my opinion, I think that both of the ideas only firmly established when describing blackball events.For instance, on the one hand, as an actor, when we get bad result on an exam, we usually attribute the argue to the difficult exam (situational). On the other hand, as an observer, when our friends get bad academic result, we usually attribute the reason to his or her lazy character (dispositional). If the event is positive, the reverse error occurs. With the comparable example but with the condition that both we and our friends get high attach in the exam, we will attribute the reason to hard-working (dispositional) and easy exam (situational) to explain behaviors respectively.Malle (2006) agrees that a reverse asymmetry held for positive events after conducting a mental-analysis. He states that the discrepancy may indicate a self-serving pattern in attribution that we attribute success to internal factors and failure to external factors. Therefore, I believe that we are explaining others by using both the self-serving bias and fundamental attribution error. Overall, the lessons build up my foundation for the psychological concepts and theories and we wish to explore the psycho logical world by ourselves in order to find out more details, conflicts about and relationships between different ideas.For instance, in order to finish this reflective journal, I used Google scholar to search about the actor-observer bias and the criticisms about it that I did not learn on the adjudge and in lessons. By experiencing the searching appendage, I have deeper understanding on it and it strongly impresses on my memory. The process also enhances my analysis skill, to determine which sources are useful and which sources are not related to my topic. Therefore, I enjoy the process of exploring the psychological knowledge by ourselves.

Tourism in LEDC’s creates environmental and social problems whilst bringing limited economic benefits

phaetonry is now the worlds biggest industry. It may be defined as the temporary visit of people to a region in which they do non live, for a period of more(prenominal) than 24 hours. touristry has been promoted by the wealthiness of the real countries, aided by the cheap flights offered by low cost airlines, and peoples increased leisure succession and their desire to visit more exotic locations. The very nature of touristry brings mammoth numbers of people to an atomic number 18a virtually which they may feel very little. Many regions suffer environmental and social problems and this tramp be exacerbated by touristry.Also read thisCheating in a arsehole Line EconomyTourism to Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs) is by and large by wealthier people from More Economically Developed Countries (MEDCs). There is lots a vast disparity mingled with the relative p overty of topical anaesthetic anaesthetic people in LEDCs and the wealth of visitors from MEDCs . The vast breaking in wealth and a lack of paying attention for the natives by the tourists jakes font resentment, plainly the LEDCs depend upon the income, which the foreigners bring to the areas they visit. LEDCs as the term implies, suffer from weak economies.Tourism is in that respectfore disassembleicularly valuable since it is an export earner, bringing new notes from foreign countries. Many LEDCs are now dependent on touristry as a source of receipts. However the flow of visitors rouse cause considerable problems for popular destinations. Social problems frequently arise from a clang of cultures betwixt the tourists and the autochthonous population. Tourists arrive at their destination and expect westerly food, standards and accommodation. This demand for a home environment brings about the gradual westernisation of shops and run. topical anesthetic shops and family owned businesses soon find themselves unable to compete with the global authorization of lar ge western firms including fast food chains such(prenominal) as McDonalds. The invasion of tourists particularly in smaller locations undermines the topical anesthetic way of life, caseing in the erosion of indigenous cultures. Such an influx of tourists nookie be degrading. In Papua New Guinea, ethical issues are raised when the poor natives are compressd into performing for tourist groups. other(a) islands such as Tonga and Fiji are suffering in the same way.The undermining of culture prat lead to alienation, winoenness, burglary and violent crime among natives. capital of Thailand and Pattaya in Thailand contemplate as make up centres of the sex industry. Young girls are taken and even sold from poor agricultural communities and forced into prostitution at a young age and even child prostitution has developed. In Pattaya the beach resort has seen uncontrolled development of hotels and this has caused pollution of the sea to a point where swimming has been unattractive. You can read overly Classifications of RestaurantsThe vast gap in wealth between the tourists and the residents causes considerable resentment and as a result tourists are often targets for theft and crime. The behaviour of tourists can withal prompt attacks at popular clubbing destinations. Tourists often become drunk and are offensive to residents, starting fights and causing damage to property, creating conflict between the topical anaesthetics and the foreigners. In places such as the island of Bali, which is part of the worlds largest archipelago of Indonesia, the inadequate coverage of dress worn by tourists when they go out for the evening is insulting to the locals.Places such as Bali often call for conservative dress codes as part of their religion and the tourists make no attempt to respect the customs of the locals. western tourists are often attacked by extremists seeking to publicly display their immunity to the western culture. The most recent example was in the Bali bombing of 2002 by Al Quaeda, who are opposed to western values and their perceived pertain upon Muslim countries. The attacks often have political motives and are an attempt to tack together pressure on the government to implement interpolate.Environmental problems are overly an issue for LEDCs. Airports are built, dramatically increasing the flow of tourists and often enkindle local infrastructures. The vast numbers of visitors arriving at destinations put considerable pressure on the environment and national resources. The need to accommodate the tourists increases the demand for land. a good deal LEDCs do not have well developed legal and regulatory infrastructure so building regulation and planning laws are slight stringent.Western companies and even native companies will exploit the country environmentally, constructing buildings in picturesque, sensitive and undefendable environments. For example, in the Maldives, an archipelago in the Indian Ocean, high life h otels have been built on formerly uninhabited islands attracting divers and fishermen who are endangering vulnerable species and the coral reefs. Simply the number of people visiting an area can cause erosion of beaches and footpaths and the damage to local habitats. Tourists often lack respect for the environments, which they visit.Mount Everest in Nepal is a popular destination for climbers and walkers, receiving up to 100,000 trekkers a year on popular routes. The tourists cut fuel wood, which has led to deforestation and consequent soil erosion. Also as they climb, tourists cast off items they do not wish to carry and as a result the paths towards the attain of Mount Everest has become littered with detritus and other rubbish put away by trekkers. Popular tourist destinations suffer from a large influx of visitors causing seasonal congestion and demand for natural resources.There is a need for land, wet and energy and in LEDCs people tend to give these resources in the chea pest way possible, regardless of the environmental damage it may cause. golf game tourism creates problems because the landscape is manicured to provide the greens and fairways while vast amounts of water are required to maintain the courses. This has aggravated the existing water shortfall in Thailand. Water shortages and water quality are major problems for developing countries and tourism can exacerbate these problems.Many countries depend upon tourism as the principal source of foreign currency. Some islands in the Caribbean such as Barbados rely on tourism but tourists come by sheet ships which can pollute the sea and beaches destroying the reefs and adversely affecting the life beat of the flying fish which is the main fish stock of Barbados. Tourism brings snappy economical benefits to LEDCs. The inflow of foreign money is valuable to the local economy. In Egypt and Jamaica over 60% of export income is derived from tourism.When a new demand is realised, goods and service s are promoted in the area, resulting in a growth pole entrap and the rapid expansion of tourism. It is beneficial because it provides income and mesh for the residents. The demand for accommodation generates art in construction and service industries. Once money is being washed-out in LEDCs the amount of money in the economic cycle has increased. The locals can then spend this money improving their businesses and homes. As the money continues to be spent, it will generate more demand for goods and services and in that respectby promoting economic growth.This multiplier emergence will eventually have an effect on the overall development of the country, enabling the government to increase its tax revenue, remediate the equilibrise of payments and aid the overall development of the country. The changements to services and living conditions, brought about by tourism may be shared by the local population. The transport and communications infrastructure is often the first improv ement to be made followed by an increase in the range and quality of facilities offered. advance food is available, water supplies are installed and basic services such as waste disposal are introduced.All these can be enjoyed by the locals, and will increase their quality of life. If the money generated by tourism can be ploughed back into the countrys own economy, then the economic benefits of tourism smashingly out weigh the environmental and social problems. However this is not always the slip-up. Leakages occur in the economic cycle depriving the country of the revenue vital to continued development. Foreign workers will send their wages afield and payments to foreign owners of establishments such as hotels, restaurants and nightclubs will contribute to the Gross interior(a) Product of foreign countries.One of the greatest losses to regions in LEDCs is through and through with(predicate) costs to tour operators and the travel fares of airlines and ships. This means that i n reality, LEDCs tho percolate a small proportion of the money spent on tourism. Jobs are often very poorly paid and on that pointfore do not contribute significantly to the development of the country. The income may not filter great deal to the majority of the population but it may be siphoned off by the ruling elite. The problem of westernisation is considerable.Western companies, can exploit the tourism markets in LEDCs more effectively and more rapidly than any local businesses. The large western firms enjoy economies of scale making it difficult for smaller businesses and local entrepreneurs to compete. The western visitors demand western goods, many of which would be regarded as luxury goods to the locals. These have to be imported from abroad causing yet some other leakage out of the economy. Another example is the beautiful island of Phuket in Thailand, which has been over taken by tourist developments in what could be described as neo-colonialism.This is where the hote ls and beaches are owned by multinational companies and most of the profits are taken outside the country. In these circumstances tourism can surrender the local people by drawing them from their traditional agricultural employment but having a negative impact upon their local culture and environment. This has been the case in Gambia on the west coast of Africa. Problems also arise in LEDCs because there is inadequate infrastructure to control growth. The sudden demand by tourism promotes a dynamic expansion, which cannot be sustained if there is a downturn in the tourist flow.The areas receiving money can also become so dependent on the money derived from tourism that a change in fashion and the decline in visitors and revenue may result in the collapse of the local economy. For example the instability caused by the disputes between the Turkish and Greek populations has undermined tourism in Cyprus LEDCs often have vulnerable government structures and a change in the political cli mate can have negative impacts on the tourist industry. The regime introduced by prexy Mugabe in Zimbabwe has destroyed much of the tourism industry.His policy of returning tilth owned by white farmers to the native population has destabilised the country. There has been a massive downturn in tourism and the game reserves and associated tourist facilities have closed causing unemployment and a knock on effect on the defendion of the environment and the wildlife. For economic benefits to be obtained by LEDCs from tourism, there needs to be an effective distribution of income, towards improving the structure and balance of economic activities. Money invested in valuable schemes and projects can generate more income for the country.However this requires a certain level of organisation and only those LEDCs with more sophisticated levels of development are effective in promoting greater economic prosperity. Often the money generated by tourism is widely used to improve some of the pro blems it actually causes. The revenue which tourism generates can lead to a sustainable long-term use and investment in the environment. For example in Zimbabwe, prior to recent political developments, ecologically sustainable tourism has been pioneered through innovative schemes know as Campfire projects.These projects have allowed the local people to have greater control over both tourism and poaching. The locals are addicted control and management over the wildlife in the National common lands. They can crop up hunting trips for tourists and charge them for the privilege. This is beneficial because it ensures that the revenue from tourism goes to the local people. However it also means that it is in the residents own interests to look afterwards the wildlife and has therefore resulted in a drop in poaching. Money can also be used for the benefit and protection of the environment in other ways.Trends towards eco tourism can arrest the worst excesses of tourism. The government of the Seychelles has developed strict laws to protect the islands beauty and unique wildlife. Money can be spent on the restoration and protection of beaches. For example boardwalks have also been installed on the beach at Goa to prevent people from eroding the footpaths. Other places which have unique and sensitive environments, such as the Galapagos Islands have undertaken to protect the endangered species and their habitats.Specific trails have been marked out to avoid areas known to be inhabited by animals and guides are employed to ensure that the tourists go for to the routes. As a result both in Zimbabwe National Park and at the Galapagos Islands, animals receive better protection as a outgrowth of tourism. Tourism can also have social benefits. Contrary to the fears that indigenous cultures are eroded by tourism, it can actually sustain traditions. Tourism promotes the development of art and craft industries to reinforce local cultural identity. Tourists are often interes ted in the native dances and will pay to view traditional dances and customs.This also ensures that the dances are passed down the generations and are not lost. The jewellery produced and worn by locals can be sold and therefore there is an incentive to retain the traditions. Tourism also increases the demand for guides and workers who are erudite about the area in which they live. As a result there has been an increase in the training, skills and general education of the people living in popular tourist destinations. International tourism can bring great economic benefit but it is vital that stringent controls are introduced to school and limit levels in areas of environmental and social sensitivity.Tourism can only generate economic benefits if the region and it inhabitants are the recipients of the revenue. It is therefore vital that leakages in the economic cycle are limited and that the money received by the region is used effectively to promote and monitor tourist levels. If the income derived from tourism is used productively many of the side effects can be limited. Ultimately the economic benefits must outweigh social and environmental problems otherwise there would be no incentive to promote tourism.

Sergeant and Deadlines

My name is PFC Hutchinson, Joel D and this is my essay ab start outfiting deadlines. d.o.a.lines ar there for a earth. Without a deadline to consecrate up you could simply drag out whatever it is youre dissembleing on for as long as possible, which is hardly a productive way of spurting. It is therefore authorised to spiel any deadlines that abide been treated, be elbow grease there is an expectation on the part of the Non-commissi aned policeman that you pass on come up with the life-threatenings within a set succession- compile.If you analyse to collide with a deadline, you atomic deem 18 left looking extremely unprofessional, and if you give rise a reputation for missing deadlines, this could hamper your carg matchlessr progress. Clearly, therefore, it is crucial to catch deadlines for your sake as fountainhead as your Non-commissi unriv all in alledd moroseicers. If you contribute been set a deadline then the chances argon that your Non-commissi mavend of ficer is not the only cardinal who is going to be directly affected by your tardiness. Your Non-commissi unitaryd officers may drop to answer to other(a) leaders and explain to them why there has been a failure to digest the set plans.Read this The Secrets of Haitis Living DeadThis reflects badly on them and yourself. If you guide been set a deadline you need to twin it. You may not take down receive a reference if you did not come up with the necessary items on time, which is why it is essential that you train your time and correspond to prioritize. If you fail to do so, you could find yourself with a exploitation heap of effect that never seems to shrink. You certainly taket neediness to find yourself in the position of having to explain to the platoon sergeant-at-law or commencement Sergeant you have been lineed by that you ar not going to recognise your lick on time.It is embarrassing for you and frustrating for your Non-commissi wizd officers, and you may well sustain a penalty involving the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Deadlines argon oddly important to meet when you are a leader of soldiers. Deadlines keep your attend foc go ford on what you need to do and by when, nevertheless even if you work in an office you may have deadlines to meet. If you want to net a good impression on your senior Non-commissioned officers, you have to repair by work on time. You evoket keep putting off what postulate to be through with(p) when there is an impending deadline.Unfortunately, work doesnt do itself and so you have to simply knuckle down and induct on with it. Otherwise, you could find that your career comes to a standstill. The ability to meet deadlines is something that e truly leaders expect from their soldiers, which is why weakness to meet them is frowned upon. The outcome of failing to meet a deadline obviously depends on how important the occupation was, precisely if you want to come across as professional so that you pa ssel succeed in your career, you have to learn to bear external your time efficaciously and continue to display sufficient results as you are choreed.The military society pot be a tough place to master. in that respect are always leaders telling you what to do, how to do it and when to get it do by. It finish seem to be a whirlwind of demands and expectations placed upon you, but it is what has to be done in commit to not only get the personal credit line done, but to make sure that you are the one still proficient doing the job. There are many discernments why group meeting deadlines is important. Reason number one is that the deadlines imposed upon you are not arbitrary dates for the most part.Chances are good that an assignment given to one employee is going to affect the work of multiple other employees. An officer might give the non-commissioned officer or platoon sergeant a deadline to have the technical lying-ining done by, so it is important that you have that o utcome ready when the platoon sergeant needs it. The officer in adulterate might need to get it to a more senior officer. concussion your deadline seems a little more important chthonic those circumstances. Another reason why it is important to meet deadlines is that it delegates a certain numerate of conduct and self-discipline.When the platoon sergeant says that the tasking needs to be done by Wednesday, it visualises that staying on task is a skill that you possess if you get that tasking done by Wednesday. Anyone fag do a job, but those who terminate do the job downstairs a little bit of drag are going to be the ones who get further along in their careers. Working under pressure is something that is going to happen quite often in the working world. sometimes a leader depart give someone a deadline middling to see what their commitment level to the unit is. Those who are really pull to the unit get out get that assignment done by the deadline without complaint.Ot hers give simply try to blame the non-commissioned officer for the miserable time frame or drag their feet until someone else picks up the slack. An ability to meet deadlines shows a professional presence for yourself and the unit you are assigned to. When the leader knows that the depict go out be done on time, or the platoon or premier(prenominal) sergeant knows that the project will be on his desk when he needs it, it will show that you are not messing around and take the tasking seriously. This will lead to increased respect for you as a soldier and will increase the chances of getting further professional opportunities in the hereafter.The military is fill with many pressures, and meeting deadlines on a consistent basis is one of those pressures. There are many reasons given for a tasking not macrocosmness done on time, but genuinely few excuses are accepted, so it is either do the job when it is receivable, or comely give the job to someone who wants it more. Deadli nes are defined as the time limit in which something must be done. clashing a deadline is very important and is in all likelihood the most valuable lesson you will ever learn. The lesson that should be learned is how to fake your time efficiently.When you meet a deadline, you are showing that you are a serious and committed person to the task, which is existence asked of you. get together deadlines help you manage your time because you have to get the task done in a certain amount of time. The time frames of deadlines can vary, between being short or long termed. In which, being able to meet a deadline teaches you about time management. Time management is a skill infallible in school, any career field and in life, in general. When a deadline is set for a task it should be taken very seriously. Deadlines are given to you because it benefits you.They help prepare you for and getting you ready and used to being able to manage your time, when it is needed. You will come across ma ny deadlines in life, whether it is in school, work, church, family tasks and/or situations. When you meet a deadline, it shows that you have worked hard, effectively and efficiently to meet the deadline. Deadlines help you prioritize your tasks. The most important tasks should be handled and absolute first and, then go down the list until you reach and gross(a) the least(prenominal) important task on your list. You should sodding(a) each task to the best of your ability, in regularise to meet the deadline.You should focus on one task at a time. Give each task your all-encompassing and complete attention and concentration. There is no need to rush or get frustrated when under a deadline, because that will cause you to get stressed out, and discourage, then you may end giving up. You must be committed to complemental the task. If you a serious and committed to the task then you will feel a sense of accomplishment, once you correct the task and reached the deadline. Deadlines help you plan ahead for how you are to manage your time. There will be times when you will have to make sacrifices in order to meet some, if not all deadlines.Some sacrifices maybe that you will have to screw back on the amount of sleep that you are accustomed to, amount of time used to socialize with family and friends, and your eating habits may change. The number one sacrifice made in order to complete a task for a deadline, is the amount of sleep you take. But you should not put yourself in harms way, by skipping every meal in order to reach a deadline. Pushing the assignments and things that can wait to the billet, and focus on the most important task, in which the deadline is due first, would be beneficial.There are pros and cons to deadlines. The pros of deadlines, is the rewards of completing the task within the given amount of time. When you meet the deadline then it will benefit you, in which you will be able to move on to the conterminous task or to your final destina tion and/or goal. The cons of deadlines, is not being able to complete the task by the deadline. Missing a deadline will jeopardize your opportunity to move forward. If you do not meet your deadline then that will hold you back from accomplishing your goal. Missing deadlines can cause you stress and problems.You end up putting more pressure on yourself then needed or wanted, when you do not meet your deadline. When you do not meet the deadline, you end up having more loads of responsibilities and more tasks to accomplish in a certain time frame. Sometimes, other populate are relying on you to complete your task in order for them to complete theirs. So if you miss your deadline then you are range yourself as well as them back and everything is going to be thrown off track. The reason why meeting deadlines are important is because when you do not meet the deadline you are not only holding yourself back but you are holding someone else back.Prioritizing your tasks from most important to least important is a good idea to meet your deadlines. The importance of a deadline is to help you learn and build time management skills. Meeting deadlines at work is very important. I should know, Ive been on both sides of deadlines. And I dont mean the early side and the late side. I mean the side where Im working to meet a deadline, and the side where Im waiting for everyone else to turn their work in by the deadline. here(predicate) are some important reasons to meet deadlines at work Meeting deadlines ensures muted work flow.In this case, lets use the example of a report thats due Wednesday at noon. This deadline was not chosen arbitrarily. Lets continue the example by expression that the information in your report is something needed for a meeting Friday. Yes, I completely understand that the meeting is not until Friday. But, I need time to read your tasking. I may as well as need time to shade into specifics of your tasking and establish what materiel will be neede d to complete this tasking. And all the while I have other tasking to read and other projects to work on.If everything doesnt go according to schedule, our time-lines lag. When our time-lines lag, productivity decreases. Meeting deadlines is crucial to ensuring a debonnaire work flow. Meeting deadlines promotes timely communication. I currently work for a non-profit where we get a serve of solicitations to support charitable and political causes. Theres zipper that befuddles me more than receiving a well-thought out tasking concerning a cause that we would gladly finish on the day before the event. Whenever I get those, and it happens more oftentimes than you would think, I always wonder who dropped the ball.I mean, cmon There was obviously a lot of effort put into the tasking. But having them arrive the day before an event is an absolute waste. I cant coordinate any support on a days notice. The significants are useless because of scummy timing. The initial deadline should h ave been at least two weeks in front than the actual tasking in order to facilitates timely communication. When your material is time-sensitive, meeting deadlines is critical to success. Meeting deadlines at work makes you a police squad up player. Everyone loves to work with a team up playerAnd no one wants to work with a slacker, no matter what the excuses. The cold, hard fact of the workplace is if youre know for not being able to meet deadlines, youre similarly known as being difficult. Missing deadlines can mean career suicide. Meeting deadlines is a professional way to show that you care about whats going on at work and that you work well with others. Meeting deadlines makes you a team player. Meeting deadlines is highly important in the workplace. Meeting deadlines ensures smooth work flow, facilitates timely communication, and most of all shows that youre a team player.Meeting deadlines is something everyone has to do in their everyday lives, whether it is paying bills, following a recipe or meeting the children from school. However, at work, it can be all the more important, because it is not just you who will suffer from the consequences of missing deadlines. Meeting deadlines is important for a number of reasons. To please the chain of command, deadlines are often made because the commander wants a particular piece of work by a certain blame in time. This deadline has almost certainly been carefully thought out for a reason and if it is ot met, it is likely to cause problems. Firstly, the commander may have to put their work processes on hold while waiting for the deadline to be met. Secondly, it is improbable to impress the commander, who probably chose your section to do the work because they thought you were dependent of meeting the deadline. If you dont please the commander, you risk losing trust in your section. To please the unit, dont forget who you are assigned to. Deadlines that are impossible to meet are sometimes set, but you need to show willing and put as much effort into reaching the deadline as possible.If it really is impossible to meet it, then you should point this out as early as possible in the process so that adjustments can be met. Once the deadline has been set in stone, however, it is going to be very difficult to avoid upsetting your chain of command if you eventually dont meet it. Also, if you let one deadline slip, the chances of not meeting the next one increases and, in time, you could even face proceedings and punishment under the Uniform Code of Military Justice as a result. To show good organisational skills, there are always some part of a project that are unforeseen and difficult to plan for.However, if you are a good leader of soldiers, you should be able to work in pockets of time to deal with such circumstances. On the whole, if you exhibit good governing bodyal skills all the way through the project, you are more likely to meet each stage of the projects deadlines and increase yo ur reputation of being a reliable soldier. The skills that you use to do this will stand you in good stead for future taskings and are something that you can take away to use in your home life too. To ensure wider timelines are met.One of the reasons for setting a deadline is almost certainly to ensure that one project is completed before another is started. If you dont manage to meet one deadline, it is therefore going to affect the next one, which will upset the smooth work flow of your organization. This is, of course, exacerbated if the deadline that you have missed involves a number of other colleagues who are then also held back. Productivity is bound to be curtailed, peradventure substantially over a long period of time, and so long effects are likely to be enormous.To gain self-respect, everyone needs to have goals to meet. It provides a challenge and, if attained, the boost to your self-confidence will be enormous. Meeting a deadline, especially one that you have been wo rking towards for weeks on end, is a great achievement and will bring you great self-respect as well as the respect of your colleagues. On the other hand, if you fail to meet deadlines and it is because of something you did that directly influenced the situation, you may well find yourself feeling lost and wanton and it is unlikely that anyone will try to talk you out of feeling that way.To facilitate good working relationships, most projects involve more than just one soldier and in order to get things done, it is vital that you all work together well so that you are working towards the same goal. The team spirit that can result from a job well done and a tight deadline met can have long- stand firming repercussions for all those involved. affliction to work together and meet the deadline can have a negatively charged influence, especially if those involved start to blame each other for poor performances and, unfortunately, this can also have long-lasting repercussions.If you are one of those heap who tend to ignore a deadline until the very last minute, you need to conceive your policy, at least in the workplace. Otherwise, you could find yourself missing opportunities for promotion and could possibly even lose your job by involuntary separation under premises of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Deadlines are very important to business and education. A deadline is a due date of when certain things have to be done. Deadlines are very important to organization.If all things were done on time organization wouldnt be a problem, but it usually is. Businesses use deadlines the most for organization. This way they can keep a good place down on things being done. Units would not be successful if it didnt have a strict way of making sure things get done. Education also uses deadlines quite a bit. I dont believe they are used for organization as much as business, but they are still used. Deadlines in education are mostly necessary for students and teacher s dealing with time management.These kinds of deadlines can be used as a teaching tool for the future because now students can work with managing their time to get things done without procrastinating. Deadlines also can prevent procrastination. Most high school students dont do projects until the last minute and eventually it will catch up with them. With strict deadlines students will maybe realize that they have to do projects or homework earlier this way stress wont catch up with them. Overall, deadlines are very important to business and education. They help with things such as organization and time management, which can make things a lot easier for everyone.

External environmental influences Essay

The external environmental limitedors described in the follo raiseg screen pose a direct or indirect influence on HRM. To be effective, HR man maturers moldiness monitor the environment on an on-going basis assess the impact of only changes and be proactive in implementing policies and programs to deal with such gainsays.Economic EnvironmentThe economic environment has a major impact on melody in general and the focal point of sympathetic resources in particular. Economic conditions affect supply and imply for products and function, which, in turn, have a hammy impact on the project haul by affecting the number and types of employees required, as substantially as an employers ability to pay wages and provide benefits.When the economy is healthy, companies a great deal apply much than(prenominal)(prenominal) hold discoverers as essential for products and services increases. Consequently, unemployment range fall, in that location is more competition for qualified employees, and training and retention st swangies increase in importance. Conversely, during a downturn, both(prenominal)(prenominal) quicks reduce pay and benefits in order to retain workers. different employers be raged to downsize, by offering attractive primaeval loneliness and early leave programs or by laying off and terminating employees. Unemployment rates rise, and employers atomic number 18 a good deal overwhelmed with applicants when vacancies ar advertised.In nearly organizations today, productivity rise is essential for long-term success. Through productivity gains, managers can reduce cost, keep abreast scarce resources, and increase profits. This leads to a win-win situation, since risqueer profits often number in better compensation and improved working conditions, thereby enhancing the employees reference of work life and their motivation to further improve productivity.Australias comparatively low productivity increase rate and high fi ght cost atomic number 18 of grave look up, since competition with foreign companies has become change magnitudely important. Australias economic success progressively depends on the ability of Australian employers to welcome international quality andproductivity standards and become more cost- warring. This applies to firms selling products and services in the domestic grocery store, in which foreign competition is increasingly a circumstanceor, as well as those with international markets. proletariat Market ConditionsThe fag market is the geographic bea from which an organization recruits employees and where individuals seek employment. In other(a) words, it is the ara in which the intensity levels of supply and demand interact. The labour market is often different for various employee pigeonholings within an organization. While clerical and technical employees argon generally recruited lo addressy, the labour market for senior managers and highly narrow down employ ees is often national or even international in scope.One quantify of an organizations effectiveness is its ability to compete successfully for high calibre human resources. umteen factors motivate candidates to seek employment with a particular organization, including type of product line/industry, reputation, opportunities for advancement, compensation, job protective cover, and working conditions.Location and mode and other aspects of a firms physical surroundings, such as housing, commuting, and living cost, can help or hinder a firms ability to attract and retain employees.Recent community shifts to the coastal and small towns and rural areas can be attri moreovered, at least in part, to the desire of many another(prenominal) individuals to work and live in what they perceive to be a more desirable physical environment. such shifts alter the demand for and supply of individuals in local labour markets, a factor that firms must incessantly take into account when deciding where to launch a rude(a) venture, expand, or downsize.Beca example the labour market is not controlled or influenced by any one factor, it is unstructured and often unpredictable. Nevertheless(prenominal), organizations must constantly monitor and pencil lead trends affecting supply and demand of humanresources. By doing so, they can collaborate discipline nigh the prevailing pay rates for employees with particular talents or skills, and estimate how difficult it is likely to be to attract and recruit staff. Labour market conditions should in like manner be monitored to determine present and emerging trends (such as the changing composition of the labour force) as well as changing determine and expectations, so that policies and programs can be adapted and/or designed in order to recognize and take advantage of these trends.globalizationGlobalization refers to the tendency of firms to extend their sales or manufacturing to freshly markets abroad. For businesses everywh ere, the rate of globalization in the past a couple of(prenominal)er years has been nothing short of phenomenal.The tin can line is that the increase integration of the globe economy into a single, huge marketplace is increasing the intensity of competition in a wide range of manufacturing and service industries.Production is becoming globalized, too, as firms some the world put manufacturing facilities where they go out be more or less advantageous. Also, there are increasing numbers of multinational corporationsfirms that conduct a large part of business exterior the country in which they are headquartered and that locate a solid percentage of their physical facilities and human resources in other countries. umpteen organizations are locating new plants in areas where wages and other operating costs are lower. For example, Australias Hewlett Packards electronic electronic estimators are assembled in Singapore.While cheaper labour is one reason for transferring oper ations abroad, another is to tap into what Fortune cartridge calls a vast new supply of skilled labour around the world. Many multinational firms set up manufacturing plants abroad, not just outright to establish beachheads in promising markets, but also to utilize that countrys professionals and engineers.This globalization of markets and manufacturing has vastly change magnitude international competition. Throughout the world, organizations that formerlycompeted only with local or national firmsfrom airlines to machine reservers to banksare now face up an onslaught of foreign competitors. From boosting the productivity of a global labour force to formulating selection, training, and compensation policies for expatriate employees, managing globalization and its effects on competitiveness pass on thus continue to be a major HR challenge in the years to come.Demographic Trends and Increasing pass-force DiversityDemographics refers to the characteristics of the work force, wh ich accommodate age, sex, marital status, and education level. Demographic changes occur slowly and are well measured, which means that they are known in advance. The fact that Australias labour force is becoming increasingly diverse is one of the major challenges confronting HR managers today. Diversity refers to any attribute that humans are likely to use to tell themselves, that psyche is different from me, and thus take ons such factors as race, gender, age, values, and heathen norms.Population GrowthThe single most important factor presidency the size and composition of the labour force is population growth. Currently, the fastest developing groups in the Australian work force are women, visible minorities, key people, and persons with disabilities.AgeThe baby boomers, born between 1946 and 1965, began crowding into the labour market in the late 1960s. The sheer number of boomers helped to expand the economy and do it easier for HR departments to focus on issues such a s cost containment, since enlisting and selection, while important, were not the most critical problems. During the 1990s, individuals in this population come to the fore be intimated a great deal of competition for advancement. This challenged managers to find new strategies for forging public life paths, such as lateral moves, to keep this group motivated and satisfied. Theoldest of the baby boomers are now in their mid-fifties.Life expectancies have increased and fertility rates have declined, the average age of the population is increasing substantially.Since some baby boomers have already taken advantage of generous early retirement programs and many more will be retiring over the 25 years, pension plan and social security benefits issues are starting to present a very serious concern for employers and politicss, given the smaller labour force available to support the retirees.Many organizations with a primary interest in the younger age group, such as retail establishments and fast-food chains, have already started to feel the impact of the fact that the population from which they have traditionally gained customers and temporary workers is starting to shrink dramatically. nearly employers have undertaken initiatives to attract older workers, especially those who have taken early retirement, by offering job sharing and expanding the number of temporary hours available. For example, McDonalds Restaurants of Australia is another organization that is actively recruiting seniors, as well as say advertising efforts to appeal to the senior market.HR specialists must remember that many HR policies, benefits plans, and reward systems that attract and motivate employees in one age group whitethorn not appeal to those in another callable to differing values and priorities.EducationThe level of education of the Australian labour force is increasing at a significant rate. more Australians are engage higher education, through a variety of institutions rangi ng from universities and colleges/TAFEs to trade schools, private-sector organizations, and professional associations.growth in the number of cooperative-education programs, designed to enable students to gain work experience while whitewash attending school, and ofdistance-education opportunities, which mesh Internet engine room with the fundamental frequency need to continue learning.Given the higher expectations of the better-educated labour force, managers are judge to try to go out that the talents and capabilities of employees are fully utilized and that opportunities are provided for career growth. In todays economic climate, doing so is not always possible.Visible and cultural MinoritiesThe proportion of visible and cultural minorities entering the Australian labour market is growing, in jobs ranging from general labour to technical, professional, and skilled trades.Ethnic diversity is also increasing. Thus, HR specialists must ensure that policies and programs are re al in their organizations to accommodate and celebrate the diverse cultural characteristics of visible and ethnic minority employees, something that requires some(prenominal) more than ensuring compliance with human sort outs legislation.WomenThe growing posture of women has been one of the dominant allele trends in Australias labour force since the 1950s. Factors change to the dramatic increase in female participation rate include smaller family size, increased divorce rate, the need and desire for dual family incomes, increased educational level, and the availability of more-flexible working hours and part-time jobs.The employment rate for women has also continued to climb. Recent studies have shown that women have moved into occupations in which the unemployment rate is low, while men tend to be clustered in jobs in which the risk of unemployment is much higher.73 There is still strong evidence that women are underutilized in the Australian work force, however.Aboriginal Peop lesIndigenous peoples are still facing considerable difficulty in obtaining jobs and advancing in the workplace.Persons with Disabilities scorn the fact that human rights legislation in every Australian jurisdiction prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities, Australians with disabilities continue to confront physical barriers to equality every day. inaccessibility is still the rule, not the exception. Even though studies show that there are no performance differences in terms of productivity, attendance, and average tenure between employees who classify themselves as having a disability and those who do not, persons with disabilities continue on average to experience high rates of unemployment and underemployment, and lower pay.Overall partake of Increasing DiversityManagers must be extremely aware that cerebrate to the work-force diversity described supra are significant value differences about the overall importance of work, what aspects or characteristics of a job are most important, tolerance of discipline in terms of hours and pace of work, attitudes toward authority, and definition of loyalty. Employees increasingly expect to exercise more freedom from management control, and are more demanding and questioning. More people are seeking jobsthat are attuned to their personal values and provide the opportunity for them to bring their personalities to work with them,87 as well as flexible work arrangements and other programs that will enable them to balance their work and personal lives.88 Policies and practices must be adapted to embrace the diversity of the dominant values represented in an organizations work force.Trends in the Nature of Jobs and WorkMajor changes have been occurring in the nature of jobs and work, in part as a response to a number of the environmental challenges already discussed.Telecommuting, is the use of microcomputers, networks, and other communications technology (such as autotype machines) to perform in th e home work that is traditionally done in the workplace.Many firms are using more contingent employees delimit as workers who do not have regular full-time or part-time employment statusto handle vacation and leave coverage, peak-period demands, extra workload, and specialized tasks or assignments. Included are contract workers, seasonal workers, casual and non-regular part-time employees, temporary employees, independent contractors (freelancers), consultants, and leased employees.108 Contingent workers currently account for about 12 percent of all jobs in Australia, a figure that is pass judgment to reach 25 percent by 2010.109There are more regular part-time employees in Australia than ever before. These are individuals who work fewer hours than fulltime core employees, typically during peak periods (such as evenings and weekends in retail stores and restaurants). nigh 33 percent of all employed women work part-time two-thirds of them by preference, and the other one third beca use they were unable to obtain full-time employment.112 The fact that part-time workers are often paid less than their full-time counterpartsand may not have benefits coveragehas raised some major integrity concerns.Small businesses, classified as firms with fewer than 50 employees, whether sole proprietorships, partnerships or corporations, are a large and increasingly important part of the Australian economy.A Service SocietyEmployment trends in Australia have been experiencing dramatic change. The primary sector, which includes agriculture, fishing and trapping, forestry, and mining, now represents only 2.8 percent of jobs. While the utility(prenominal)sector (manufacturing and construction) has grown In common with trends in Western atomic number 63 and the U.S., the sector of the Australian economy accounting for the greatest growth in recent decades is the tertiary or service sector, which includes public administration, personal and business services, finance, trade, public utilities, and transportation/communications.While much of this growth is attributable to fast scientific change (initially in the form of automation and more belatedly in improvements in IT), part is due to an increase in outsourcing of particular activities by primary- and secondary-sector firms to decrease costs and increase efficiency. Subcontracted functions range from building precaution to provision of security, cafeteria management and laundry services to payroll and training and development.Since all jobs in this sector involve the provision of service, often in person but increasingly through the design, installation, and maintenance of service-providing technologies (such as automated banking machines and wrinkle television), effectively managing and motivating human resources is critical. Although there are some lesser-skilled jobs (in keep and food services, for example), many service-sector jobs demand knowledge workers, employees who transform information into a product or service, whose responsibilities include planning, problem solving, and decision making.Knowledge Work and Human CapitalManagement expert Peter Drucker has said that the grounding of an organization is not money or nifty or technologyits knowledge and education (human capital). By 2005, knowledge workers will be the single largest group in the labour force.116 He is not just in this belief. Many experts believe that the distinguishing characteristic of companies today and tomorrow is this growing emphasis on human capital. Jobs today in all sectors demand a level of expertise far beyond that required of most workers 20 or 30 years ago, which means that human capital is quickly refilling machines as the basis for most firms success. Furthermore, it is not laughable for more than one-quarter of sales to come from products less than five years old. As a result, innovatingcreating new products, new services, and new ways of turning out goods more cheaplyhas become the mo st urgent concern of corporations everywhere.11For managers, the challenge of fostering intellectual or human capital lies in the fact that knowledge workers must be managed differently than workers of previous generations. bare-assed HRM systems and skills are required to select and train such employees, encourage self-discipline, win employee commitment, and spark creativeness. Apple computers is one organization that has learned how to encourage creativity and access the skills and ideas of all of its employees118TechnologyIt is mainly through technological aim that firms develop new products and services and/or improve existing ones in order to persist competitive, and gain the productivity and quality needed for competitive advantage. Manufacturing advances, such as robotics and computer-aided design / computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM), have eliminated many blue-collar jobs, replacing them with fewer but more highly skilled jobs. When robots were introduced in the auto mobile industry, for instance, there was a major decrease in the demand for welders and painters, but a new demand for technicians who could program, install, and service automated equipment.89 Due to computer technology, similar changes have been occurring in the nature of office work. Optical scanners, computerized roentgen ray scanners, and Magnetic Resonance Imagery (MRI) are technological advances that have caused major occupational changes in the medical dramaturgy over the past few decades, and such advances are macrocosm made every day.Currently, for example, a few doctors are attempting to revolutionize heart surgery using computer financial aid and robotic arms.90 The overall impact of the technological changes affecting almost every field is that labour-intensive blue-collar and clerical jobs have been decreasing, while technical, managerial, and professional jobs are on the increase. This shift in employment opportunities has many implications for organizations jobs and organizationstructures are being redesigned new incentive and compensation plans are being instituted rewrite job descriptions are being written and new programs are being instituted for employee selection, paygrade, and training/retrainingall with the help of HR specialists.Unfortunately, the training of the Australian labour force has not kept pace with the rate of technological change and innovation. Consequently, there is a scarcity of skills in certain fields.Many Australian firms, such as Telstra, inevitably have to look outside of Australia to fill their high-tech openings, which is rather disturbing given the fact that there are currently about 1.1 million Australians seeking employment.While much of the impact of information technology has been positive, it has also led to some organisational problems. For many employees, it has created anxiety, tension, resentment, and alienation. Unions have consistently expressed concerns about job deracination and health hazards, such as those related to video dis range terminals. altogether of these issues must be addressed through effective HRM practices such as information sharing, counselling, ergonomic refitting, job redesign, and training. tuition technology has also hastened what experts call the fall of hierarchy, or promotion of egalitarianism. Power and authority are pass around more evenly among all employees. For example, with distributed computing, every employee with a personal computer on his or her desk can tap into the firms computer network and obtain needed information. Expecting employees to make more decisions has implications for selection, training, and compensation.Questions concerning data control, accuracy, right to secretiveness, and ethics are at the core of a growing dissension brought about by the new information technologies. Sophisticated computerized control systems are used to monitor employee speed, accuracy, and efficiency in some firms, including IBM Australia. More and more firms are also observe employee e-mail, voicemail, telephone conversations, and computer usage, and some now monitor employee behavior using video surveillance.94 Reasons for such monitoring include eliminating time wastage, deterring abuse of company resources, protecting network security, preventing defalcation of company resources, ensuring compliance with health and safety standards and regulations and other legislation, and monitoring employee behaviour and performance. Employers considering monitoring employees should be aware that doing so may present both practical and legal problemssuch monitoring may have counterproductive results such as increased job stress, decreased morale and productivity, bring down employee self-esteem, and decreased trust in and respect for the employerSetting up and maintaining a monitoring system may involve significant economic costs surveillance of employees in the workplace raises the controversial legal issue of employee privacy rights.Human mental imagerys Information SystemsChanging technology has also had major implications for HR departments. Over the past few decades, many firms introduced a Human Resources Information System (HRIS) to store detailed information on employees, HR policies and procedures, administration laws and regulations, collective agreements, etc. HRIS computer applications include salary and benefits administration tracking statistics on absenteeism, grievances, and health and safety collecting data for government statistical reporting and employment equity purposes advertising jobs and recruiting candidates and communicating with employees.Computers are now being used not only for storage, retrieval and analysis of information but for broader applications, including basic report production, long-range forecasting and strategic planning, and evaluation of HR policies and practices. Such systems can decrease time lost to comparatively non-productive work like data entry and emplo yee scheduling, thereby providing time for HR department employees and managers throughout the firmto focus on more strategic issues.Today, many Australian firms, are utilizing computer technology even more extensively by introducing a Human Resources Management System (HRMS), defined as an information management system accessible to staff at all levels, designed to ensure that the organizations human resources are recruited, selected, developed, employed, deployed, and supported effectively. Functional applications include succession planning, pension plan projections and eligibility monitoring, synergetic employee retirement training, and more. Self-service applications for employees and managers ensure that information reaches those who need it, with one-time data entry, less maintenance, and improved quality and accuracy.GovernmentVarious laws enacted by governments have had and will continue to have a dramatic impact on the employer-employee blood in Australia. In one recent survey, 70 percent of the HR specialists responding cited changing regulatory requirements as a major factor fixing their work environment.The legal framework for employment includes constitutional law, particularly the claim of Rights and Freedoms acts of parliament common law, which is the accumulation of judicial precedents that do not gain from specific pieces of legislation and contract law, which governs collective agreements and individual employment contracts. Such laws impose specific requirements and constraints on management policies, procedures, and practices. Some of the employment-related legislation is aimed at prohibiting discrimination in various aspects and terms and conditions of employment, such as human rights, employment equity, and pay equity. Other laws require employers to meet certain obligations, such as occupational health and safety, employment standards, and labour relations. Still others make various payments mandatory, such as Workers Compensation, Employment Insurance, and the Australia Superannuation Plans.All of the laws mentioned above and their regulations have importantimplications for all managers, since they mustStay abreast of legislative developments is a major ongoing responsibility. Often, the HR department staff members play a major role in helping other managers to remain current by circulating reading material or retentiveness seminars.Develop and administer policies and practices that ensure compliance to avoid loss of government contracts, suits by affected employees or regulatory bodies, fines, and bad publicity.Try to ensure that compliance does not interfere with the efficient and effective accomplishment of their other responsibilities. This means finding ways to comply with regulatory requirements with as slight cost and disruption as possible. For example, many firms have developed manuals, videotapes, and self-administered quizzes, such that employees can study independently at home or at work during off-peak times, and submit their completed quizzes for evaluation and verification of training completion.Bibliography1. Baron, J.N. and Kreps, D.M. (1999) accordant human resourcepractices,California Management Review, 41(3), pp.29-53.2. De Cieri, H. and Kramar, R. (2003) Human Resource Management in Australia strategy, people, performance, McGraw pitcher Australia.3. Dessler, Griffiths and Lloyd-Walker (2004), Human Resource Management, 2nd ed, Frenchs Forest, N.S.W. Prentice Hall Australia4. Heneman, H.G, Donald P. Schwab, D.P (eds) (1978), Perspectives on personnel department/human resource management, Homewood, Ill R. D. Irwin, 19785. Lansbury, R.D. and M. Baird (2004) Broadening the horizons of HRM Lessons for Australia from the US experience Asia Pacific Journal of HumanResources, 42(2), pp.147-155.6. Mirabal, N. and De Young, R. (2005) Downsizing as a Strategic interpellation Journal of American Academy of Business, 6(1), pp.39-45.7. Nankervis A., Compton and Baird ( 2005) Human Resource Management strategies and processes, fifth ed.,Thomson, Southbank, Victoria Australia8. Stone, R. J, (2005) Human resource management, Milton, Qld. John Wiley & Sons Australia, ch 19. Travaglione, A. and Marshall, V. (eds) (2000) Human Resource Strategies An Applied Approach, Irwin/McGraw Hill, Roseville.10. Todd, T and Crake. A, Human Resource Management 237, lecture notes (2005)11. Young, S. (2000) Outsourcing Lessons From the belles-lettres Labour and Industry, 10(3), pp.97-118.